OGY  OF  MAINE 


Irene    Dwen    Andrews 


DEPARTMENT  OF  ARCHEOLOGY 

PHILLIPS  ACADEMY,  ANDOVER,  MASSACHUSETTS. 


A  REPORT  ON  THE 

ARCHEOLOGY  OF  MAINE 


BEING  A  NARRATIVE  OF  EXPLORATIONS  IN  THAT  STATE 

1912-1920 

TOGETHER  WITH  WORK  AT  LAKE  CHAMPLAIN 

1917 


BY 
WARREN  K.  MOOREHEAD 

FIELD  DIRECTOR,  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 
OF  NEW  ENGLAND 


1922 
TUB    ANDOVER    PRESS 

ANDOVER,    MASS. 


COPYRIGHT  1922 
BY  PHILLIPS  ACADEMY 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


PAGE 
PART  I 

PREFACE    ....  9 

GENERAL  ACCOUNT  OF  EXPEDITIONS    .      .     .     .     .     .     .  >- . 12 

PART  II 
THE  RED  PAINT  PEOPLE 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  EXPLORATIONS. — CEMETERIES 20 

BUCKSPORT,  1912 20 

ORLAND,  1912 21 

HARTFORDS  CEMETERY,  1912 23 

LAKE  ALAMOOSOOK,  1912 

THE  EMERSON  CEMETERY,  1912 34 

THE  MASON  CEMETERY,  1912 42 

PASSADUMKEAG.    AUGUST  1912 50 

HATHAWAY'S  CEMETERY,  1912 50 

BLUE  HILL-HASKELL'S  CEMETERY,  1913             67 

SULLIVAN  FALLS  CEMETERY,  1913 76 

GEORGES  RIVER,  1915        86 

HART'S  FALLS  CEMETERY,  1915        86 

TARR  CEMETERY,  1915 87 

STEVENS  CEMETERY,  1915 87 

OLDTOWN  —  GODFREY'S  CEMETERY,  1918 93 

WINSLOW  —  THE  LANCASTER  CEMETERY,  1919 95 

OAKLAND  —  WENTWORTH'S  CEMETERY,  1920 101 

DETAILED  STUDY  OF  OBJECTS 102 

ALAMOOSOOK  UNIT        103 

THE  ELLSWORTH  UNIT 114 

THE  BANGOR  UNIT 115 

THE  ST.  GEORGE  RIVER  UNIT 121 

THE  KENNEBEC  UNIT 124 

REVIEW  AND  CONCLUSIONS 125 

INDIAN  VILLAGE  SITE  NEAR  BANGOR 134 

CREMATION  PITS 135 

OBJECTS  FOUND  IN  CREMATION  PITS 136 

RED  PAINT  GRAVES.      ......  ~~ 139 

OBJECTS  FOUND  IN  RED  PAINT  GRAVES 141 

RED  PAINT  PEOPLE  AND  ALGONKINS  .      .           143 

MODERN  INDIAN  BURIAL  AT  SARGENTVILLE 145 

THE  RED  PAINT  PEOPLE  AND  THE  SHELL  HEAPS 149 

THE  BEOTHUK  THEORY  150 


2054934 


4  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

PART  III 
THE  SHELL  HEAPS  OF  MAINE 

A.  EXPLORATIONS 152 

FRENCHMAN'S  BAY 154 

SULLIVAN  FALLS  SHELL  HEAP 156 

CALF  ISLAND  SHELL  HEAP 158 

STOVERS  SHELL  HEAP 162 

BOYNTON'S  SHELL  HEAP     .     .     .     .     .-, .     .     .     .     «     ....  163 

CASTINE      •  .      .      .  -  .      .      .    - .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .      .  166 

WHEELER'S  COVE  SHELL  HEAP .      ...      .      ,    •*.      ...      .      .  168 

VON  MACK'S  SHELL  HEAP :     .      ........      .'.".••-.  169 

B.  MATERIAL  FROM  THE  SHELL  HEAPS .x    ......  177 

GROUND  STONE       •.-    .'  ,.    • .     .  '  .     .     ...     .  181 

CHIPPED  STONE  .      .      .      ;      .    ',    _.      .      .-    .-    .      .      .     ...    .      .      .  •  ',      .      .     \      .      .  182 

POTTERY  ........." 186 

BONES      . 189 

BONE  IMPLEMENTS 191 

TEETH  OF  ANIMALS      ......: 192 

LARGE  BONES 192 

BONE  HANDLES 193 

AWLS  AND  NEEDLES 193 

HARPOONS 199 

C.  CONCLUSIONS  .      .  199 

PART  IV 
INTERIOR  VILLAGE  SITES  AND  OTHER  REMAINS 

THE  SEBAGO  REGION 210 

THE  ANDROSCOGGIN  REGION 212 

THE  KENNEBEC  VALLEY 213 

MOOSEHEAD  LAKE 215 

THE  PENOBSCOT  WATERS   .    - 219 

OLAMON  STREAM 220 

PASSADUMKEAG        . 221 

THE  PISCATAQUIS     .      .     .      .      .      .:  ...      .      . .      .,  .      .      .  222 

LAKE  SEBEC  REGION 223 

THE  MATTAWAMKEAG  RIVER 224 

PlTTSTON .  228 

THE  ST.  JOHN  VALLEY  .      .      .     .      .      *     .      ....      .V-  .      .   ,. 230 

THE  ST.  CROIX  WATERS ,     .     .     .     . 236 

EAST  MACHIAS 238 

THE  DAMARISCOTTA  REGION •.      . 238 

THE  LAKE  CHAMPLAIN  SURVEY  OF  1917 241 

PART  V 

CONCLUDING  REMARKS --. .      .      .      .      .  25? 

ROSTER  OF  MEN  WHO  SERVED  ON  THE  SEVERAL  EXPEDITIONS 263 

BIBLIOGRAPHY .'  ~ 265 

INDEX  269 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


Fig.        1  View  of  the  Xarramissic  River  near  Orland,  Maine. 

2  Camp  scene,  season  of  1913. 

3  Grave   2,   Hartford's    Cemetery. 

4  Grave  3,  Hartford's  Cemetery. 

.5  Close  view  of  a  grave  at  Hartford's.  Scale  about  1-6. 

6  Interior  of  Captain  Hartford 's  barn  after  the  graves  had  been  examined. 

7  Grave  18,  Hartford's  Cemetery. 

"         8  Grave  31,  Hartford's  Cemetery.  A  few  objects  under  the  bank  are  not  seen. 

9  Grave  containing  large  gouges  and  adze  blades,  Hartford's  Cemetery. 

10  Types  of  square-edged  hatchets  and  small  edged  tools;  also  some  plummets  and  chipped 

objects.     Emerson  and  Hartford  Sites. 

"        11  Elevation  on  which  Emerson  Cemetery  wa?  located. 

"       12  Finding  the  first  grave  at  Emerson's. 

"        13  View  of  Lake  Alamoosook.    Staking  off  the  Emerson  site. 

14  The  trench  begun  at  Emerson's. 

"       15  Grave  74,  Emerson's. 

"        16  Two  large  gouges  from  Hartford's  and  Hatha way's. 

"        17  Two  specialized  gouges  from  Hathaway 's  and  Hartford's. 

"        18  Cross  section  of  two  graves  in  the  gravel  pit  north  of  Hartford's. 

"        19  Four  gouges. 

"        20  Three  gouges  from  Mason,  Emerson  and  Hartford  sites. 

"        21  Grave  64  at  the  Emerson  site. 

"       22  Grave  62,  the  Emerson  site. 

"       23  A  burial  beside  a  rock.    Grave  61.    The  Emerson  site. 

"        24  The  long  spear  in  position  at  Emerson's. 

25  Grave  90,  the  Emerson  site. 

"        26  Grave  101,  the  Emerson  site. 

"        27  Problematical  forms  from  Hartford  and  Mason  sites. 

28  The  fragment  of  human  femur  and  the  two  cylinders  from  graves  116  and  117  at  Mason's. 

29  The  outcrop  of  powdered  hematite  at  Katahdin  Iron  Works. 

30  The  knoll  on  which  Hathaway's  cemetery  was  located. 

31  Grave  142  at  the  Hathaway  site.  * 
"       32  Grave  143  at  the  Hathaway  site. 

33  Grave  141  at  the  Hathaway  site. 

34  A  grave  partially  uncovered  at  Hathaway's. 

35  The  long,  perforated  objects  from  Hathawuy's. 
"        36  A  grave  at  the  Hathaway  site. 

37  The  Ix-ar  effigy  from  the  Haskell  site. 

"        38  Group  of  broken  slate  spears  from  grave  167,  Haskell's  site. 


6  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

Fig.     39     Group  of  effigies  from  various  cemeteries. 
"       40    The  eight  long  spears  from  grave  163,  in  position  as  Mr.  Sugden  found  them.     Haskell's 

site. 

"       41     The  gouge  —  adze  blades  from  Emerson's;  also  two  other  fine  objects. 
"       42    Eight  objects  from  various  sites. 
"       43    The  large  ash  pit  at  Sullivan  Falls. 

"       44    Grave  214  at  Stevens'  cemetery.    This  was  surrounded  by  large  boulders. 
"       45     Working  under  difficulties.    The  saw-mill    at  Lancaster's.    Most  of  the  graves  lay  beneath 

these  timbers. 

"       46    The  long,  slate  spears  from  Lancaster's  Cemetery,  grave  329. 
"       47    Large  adze  blade,  Lancaster's  Cemetery,  grave  326. 

"       48     Projectile  points  of  the  clear  quartzite  or  Labrador  stone,  from  various  Red  Paint  Cemeteries. 
"       49    Large  knife  and  projectile  from  various  Red  Paint  Cemeteries. 
"       50    The  knobbed  gouge  from  Emerson's  and  a  small  gouge  from  Stevens'  cemetery. 
"       51     Profile  of  hump-backed  adze  blades  from  Haskell's  and  Emerson's. 
"       52    Types  of  plummets  from  the  various  cemeteries. 
"        53     Two  large  plummets,  one  perforated  at  the  base.    The  one  to  the  right  from  Stevens',  the 

left  one  from  Hartford's. 

"       54     Six  various  objects  from  the  graves. 

"       55     Three  small,  thin,  sandstone  ornaments  and  long  needle-shaped  object. 
"       56     Four  long  slate  spears. 
"       57     Nine  smaller  slate  projectile  points. 

"       58     Specialized,  slate  spear  points,  a  crescent  and  problematical  form. 
"        59     Specialized  plummets  from  the  several  cemeteries. 

"        60     Full  sized  drawing  showing  the  lines  cut  on  the  plummet  from  Haskell's  site. 
"       61     Two  flaring  gouges,  and  specialized  gouge  from  Hatha way's  cemetery. 
"       62    Two  long  dagger-like  objects.    One  from  Hart's  Falls  site  and  the  other  from  Holway's.  (Or- 

land.) 
"        63     Four  problematical  forms  from  various  cemeteries. 

64     Cross  section  of  terrace  on  which  Mr.  Smith  found  a  village  site  and  cemetery. 
"       65     Face  and  side  view  of  long  chipped,  drill-like  object. 

66     Blades  from  the  site  above  Bangor  (Mr.  Smith). 
"       67     Ground  Plan  of  graves  and  fire  pits,  site  above  Bangor. 
"       68     Cross  Section  through  cremation  pit  and  Red  Paint  People  grave,   Bangor  site. 

69    Remains  of  fire-making  outfits,  site  above  Bangor. 
"       70    The  four  forms  of  plummets  from  the  Red  Paint  People  graves. 

71  The  men  at  work  trenching  the  Calf  Island  Shell  Heap. 

72  Cross  Section  of  Boynton's  shell  heap. 

73  Boynton's  shell  heap  and  the  trenches. 
"       74    The  masses  of  shells  at  Boynton's. 

"       75  Teeth  of  various  animals.    The  beaver  teeth  have  been  artificially  sharpened  and  used  as 
chisels. 

76  Wheeler's  shell  heap  at  Castine. 

77  Ground  plan  of  pits  in  Wheeler's  shell  heap,  Castine. 

78  Cross  section  of  Von  Mach's  shell  heap,  Castine. 

79  Fragments  of  decorated  pottery  from  Von  Mach's  shell  heap. 

80  Fragments  of  decorated  pottery  from  Von  Mach's  shell  heap 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS  7 

Fig.     81  Three  large  stone  celts,  Boynton's  shell  heap. 

"       82  Small  stone  celts  from  Stover's,  Wardwell's  and  Boynton's. 

"       83  Celts  of  the  smallest  forms  from  Sullivan  Falls,  Boynton  and  Stover  shell  heaps. 

84  Large  tools  for  grinding  and  polishing.    Stover's  site. 

85  Series  of  hammer  stones  from  Boynton's  shell  heap. 

"       86  The  split  human  tibiae  and  ornaments  from  the  shell  heaps. 

87  Oval  or  primary  forms  in  chipped  tools  from  the  shell  heaps. 

88  Eleven  finished  and  unfinished  knife  forms  from  shell  heaps. 

89  The  type  of  knives  most  common  in  shell  heaps.    These  are  a  trifle  larger  than  most  of  our 

finds,  yet  the  forms  are  identical  with  these. 

90  Above,  slender  knives;  below  broad  knives  from  Von  Mach's  shell  heap.     More  of  these 

forms  were  found  at  Von  Mach's  than  elsewhere. 

91  Short  knife,  elongated  scraper  and  one  of  the  heavy  flake  knives.    Boynton's  shell  heap. 

"  92  Specialized  knives  from  Boynton's  and  Von  Mach's  shell  heaps.  Not  many  of  these  types 
occur. 

93  A  series  of  scrapers.    Calf  Island,  Stover's,  Boynton's  and  Butler's  heaps. 

94  Small,  slender  knives  and  triangular  arrow-points  from  the  shell  heaps. 

95  Typical  arrow-points  and  spear-heads  from  the  shell  heaps. 

96  Five  hafted,  chipped  objects  from  Boynton's,  Butler's,  and  Von  Mach's.    Usually  the  forms 

from  shell  heaps  are  more  simple  than  this. 

97  Antler-ends,  worked  into  implements.    Butler's,  Hodgkins',  Boynton's  sites. 

98  Bone  handles  for  tools.    Some  may  be  flaking  tools.    Boynton's. 

99  Two  large  awls,  two  bone  handles,  broken  harpoon,  two  heavy  bones  deeply  incised,  (many  of 

these  have  been  found.)     Natives  seem  to  have  made  their  harpoons  and  arrow-points 
from  heavy  bones  of  the  moose,  deer  and  caribou. 

100  Typical  arrow-points  and  fish  hooks  of  which  several  thousand  have  been  found.    From  shell 

heaps. 

101  Series  of  awls  or  perforators. 

"      102    Series  of  harpoons,  from  Boynton's,  Butler's,  Von  Mach's  and  Stover's  shell  heaps. 

"      103     Series  of  harpoons,  from  Boynton's,  Butler's,  Von  Mach's  and  Stover's  shell  heaps. 
104    The  largest  harpoons,  some  of  which  are  perforated. 

"  105  Specialized  objects.  A  large  spearhead  of  bone  with  incised  lines  or  decorations.  It  is  12J^ 
centimeters  in  length.  A  small  object  of  bone  —  projectile  point.  These  are  the  only  two 
bone  spearheads  found  in  the  shell  heaps.  A  decorated  bone  is  shown  at  the  top.  The 
others  may  be  specialized  harpoons. 

"      106    Two  bone  handles,  three  broken  pipes  and  an  unknown  object  in  the  center. 

"      107     A  thin  stone  slab,  smooth  and  slightly  hollowed  out. 
108     Gouges  and  a  problematical  form  from  the  Rollins  site. 

"      109     Polished  slate  knife  from  Panther  Pond,  Sebago  region. 

"      110     Mount  Kineo. 

"      111     Ash  pit  at  Shad  Pond. 

112  Leaf  shaped  implement  and  unfinished  blade. 

1 13  Three  unfinished  objects  of  felsite. 

114  Dragging  the  canoes  up  the  North  Branch  of  the  West  Branch,  Penobscot. 

115  A  beaver  house  and  dam  on  the  upper  St.  John. 
"      116     Long,  pointed  object  and  ornament. 

"      117     Running  the  rapids  below  Shad  Pond,  West  Branch  Penobscot  river. 


8  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

Fig.  1 18  Tube  and  plug  from  Swanton  grave. 

119  A  Stfanton  tube  in  the  Smithsonian  collection. 

"      120  Specimens  from  University  of  Vermont  collections. 

"      121  A  peculiar  problematical  form. 

"      122  Types  of  Algonkian  axes  from  Maine. 

"      123  Types  of  grooved  cutting  tools  from  Maine. 


LIST  OF  MAPS  AND  PLANS 

I.  Outline  map  of  Maiiie  showing  routes  of  expeditions. 

II.  Plan  of  Hartford's  Cemetery,  Orland. 

III.  Plan  of  Lake  Alamoosook,  Orland. 

IV.  Plan  of  Emerson's  Cemetery,  Orland. 
V.  Plan  of  Mason's  Cemetery,  Orland. 

VI.  Plan  of  Hathaway's  Cemetery,  Passadumkeag. 

VII.  Location  of  cemetery  and  shell  heaps  at  Sullivan  Falls. 

VIII.  Ground  plan  of  graves,  Stevens's  Cemetery  and  Cross  sections  of  Stevens's  Cemetery. 

IX.  Ground  plan  of  Lancaster's  Cemetery,  Winslow. 

X.  Outline  map  showing  sites  about  Frenchman's  Bay,  Hancock  County. 

XI.  Outline  map  of  the  lower  part  of  Hancock  County. 

XII.  Shell  heaps  near  Eggemoggin  Reach. 

XIII.  Map  of  Sebago  Lake. 

XIV.  Outline  map  of  Kennebec  County  (Waterville,  etc.). 
XV.  Sites  in  lower  part  of  Penobscot  County. 

XVI.  Shop  sites  at  Pittston,  fork  of  West  Branch  of  Penobscot. 

XVII.  Sites  in  Piscataquis  County 

XVIII.  Sites  in  Aroostook  County. 

XIX.  Lake  Champlain. 

XXX.  Sites  in  Lincoln  and  Sagadahoc  Counties. 

XI.  Sites  in  Knox  County,  Vinal  and  North  Haven. 


It  is  a  pleasure  to  express  gratitude  to  the  many  persons  who  have 
cooperated  with  us  and  thus  contributed  to  the  success  of  the  several  ex- 
peditions upon  which  the  present  report  is  based. 

Four  men  who  rendered  the  expeditions  good  service  have  since  died. 
They  are:  Arthur  E.  Marks  of  Yarmouth,  Maine,  who  frequently  left  his 
business  during  the  years  1912  and  1913  to  take  trips  with  us  and  was  able  to 
furnish  valuable  information;  Charles  A.  Perkins  of  Wakefield,  Massachu- 
setts, who  served  with  us  for  parts  of  two  or  three  years  and  travelled  through 
Maine  and  New  Hampshire  to  secure  data;  Donald  F.  Eldridge  of  Orland, 
Maine,  a  member  of  the  expedition  of  1912  and  later  one  of  our  regular  work- 
men, who  enlisted  in  the  Navy  and  died  off  the  coast  of  France  while  in  the 
service  of  his  country;  and  William  Hutchings,  Jr.,  also  of  Orland,  one  of  our 
workmen,  who  died  while  with  the  American  Expeditionary  force  in  Ger- 
many. 

To  Charles  C.  Willoughby,  Director  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  Amer- 
ican Archaeology  and  Ethnology  of  Harvard  University,  special  thanks  are 
due  for  the  privilege  of  consulting  his  wide  experience  in  New  England  ar- 
chaeology. Dr.  E.  A.  Hooton  of  Harvard  University  has  kindly  identified 
bones  from  the  Red  Paint  People  cemeteries,  and  Dr.  Glover  M.  Allen,  of 
the  Agassiz  Museum  and  Boston  Society  of  Natural  History,  has  given 
generous  help  in  the  identification  of  bones  from  the  shell  heaps. 

I  am  indebted  to  Dr.  A.  V.  Kidder  of  the  Department  of  Archaeology, 
Phillips  Academy  for  his  kindness  in  permitting  Mr.  R.  Weber  to  photo- 
graph certain  of  our  specimens. 

Francis  B.  Manning,  while  a  Harvard  student,  was  assistant  to  the 
Field  Director  and  rendered  very  valuable  service.  Ernest  O.  Sugden  of 
Orland,  Maine,  served  as  surveyor  on  each  expedition  except  the  first  and 
during  recent  years  has  acted  as  assistant  to  the  Field  Director.  Walter  B. 
Smith  of  Brewer,  Maine,  formerly  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey,  has  sever- 
al times  accompanied  us  as  a  volunteer,  and  his  knowledge  of  geology  and 
archaeology  has  been  of  great  assistance.  Professor  George  H.  Perkins  of 
the  University  of  Vermont,  State  Geologist,  has  assisted  us  on  several  trips 
in  the  Lake  Champlain  region. 

The  Trustees  of  Phillips  Academy  have  supported  the  work  liberally, 
and  Dr.  Charles  Peabody,  Director  of  the  Department  of  Archaeology,  has 
frequently  visited  the  scene  of  our  explorations  and  at  times  taken  part  in  the 
work.  I  especially  thank  Dr.  A. E.  Stearns, Principal,  and  James  C.  Sawyer, 
Esq.,  treasurer  of  the  Academy  for  advice  and  support ;  also  Dr.  C.  M.  Fuess 


10  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

for  suggestions  as  to  the  manuscript.  I  hereby  acknowledge  indebtedness 
to  Professor  J.  H.  Ropes  and  Alfred  Ripley,  Esq.,  of  the  Trustees  Archae- 
ological Committee  and  to  Judge  John  Adams  Aiken  for  his  interest  in 
my  work. 

Marshall  C.  Allaben  of  New  York,  a  student  in  the  Academy,  has  given 
volunteer  assistance  in  the  field  and  helped  in  assembling  the  specimens  for 
this  report.  Other  students  who  have  given  assistance  in  the  field  or  in  the 
museum  are  John  Martinez,  Robert  Bishop,  D.  K.  Wright,  Donald  Apple- 
ton,  James  Brewster,  Fred  B.  Lund,  Jr.,  and  George  Valliant.  My  sons, 
L.  K.  Moorehead  and  S.  P.  Moorehead,  have  also  served  on  several  of  the 
expeditions.  A  roster  of  all  who  accompanied  the  various  expeditions  will  be 
found  at  the  end  of  this  volume. 

In  the  course  of  his  work  as  an  archaeologist  the  writer  has  carried  on 
explorations  in  more  than  twenty  states,  but  nowhere  has  permission  to 
excavate  or  to  make  observations  been  more  freely  accorded  than  by  the 
hundreds  of  persons  to  whom  we  have  had  occasion  to  apply  in  the  State  of 
Maine.  To  the  following  persons  on  whose  premises  explorations  were  made 
our  thanks  are  due,  and  equally  cordial  thanks  should  be  expressed  to  a  much 
larger  number  who  freely  gave  us  the  desired  permission  but  on  whose  land 
exploration  was  not  actually  undertaken. 

Boyd  Bartlett,  Castine 

L.  C.  Bateman,  Lewiston 

Fred  and  Benjamin  Blodgett,  Bucksport 

Nathan  Boynton,  owner  of  shell-heap  at  Lamoine 

Hugh  Brown,  Sargentville 

George  Budge,  Mattawamkeag 

The  Butler  heirs,  Egypt  Bay 

H.  E.  Capens,  Moosehead  Lake 

Zachariah  Chafee,  owner  of  Bean's  Island 

Captain  I.  L.  Crabtree,  Mount  Desert  Ferry 

Ebenezer  Eldridge,  Orland 

Fred  Godfrey,  Oldtown 

George  H.  Grant,  Ellsworth 

Great  Northern  Paper  Company,  Millinocket 

Mrs.  Haines,  Philadelphia 

Captain  S.  N.  Hartford,  Orland 

Coburn  Haskell,  Blue  Hill 

S.  H.  Hathaway,  Passadumkeag 

Dr.  J.  Howard  Wilson,  Castine 

Mrs.  Hill,  owner  of  Hog  Island,  Penobscot  Bay 

Mrs.  W.  S.  Hodgkins,  Lamoine 

Hollingsworth-Whitney  Company,  Moosehead  Lake 

Fred  J.  Holway,  Orland 


PREFACE  11 

The  Huggins  Estate,  Castine 

Seth  R.  Hutchings,  Orland 

Jones  Brothers,  St.  Francis,  N.  B. 

E.  A.  Kennard,  North  Windham 

Fred  Lancaster,  Winslow 

Professor  F.  B.  Loomis,  Amherst,  Mass. 

Maine  Central  R.  R.  at  Sullivan  Falls 

Thomas  and  F.  Augustus  Mason,  East  Orland 

Allison  McCain,  Mattawamkeag 

John  McCain,  Mattawamkeag 

Albert  J.  Phelps,  Damariscotta 

Frank  Pierce,  owner  of  Emerson  Point,  Lake  Alamoosook 

James  A.  Pulsifer,  Auburn 

William  A.  Richards,  Waldoboro 

Riker  and  Company,  Kineo  Hotel,  Mount  Kineo 

Montgomery  Rollins,  Boston,  Mass. 

C.  M.  Sawyer,  Freeport 

Mrs.  Guy  H.  Scull,  North  East  Harbor 

William  Shaw,  Greenville 

Dennis  R.  Soper,  Orland 

Parker  Spofford,  Bucksport 

John  F.  Sprague,  Dover 

George  Stevens,  Warren 

Mrs.  Louise  Stover,  owner  of  shell-heap  at  Sorrento 

Charles  Stratton,  owner  of  Burying  Island 

Milton  W.  Stratton,  Bar  Harbor 

Samuel  Tarr,  Warren 

Mrs.  Teagle,  New  York 

George  Truax,  St.  Albans,  Vermont 

E.  Von  Mach,  Castine 

P.  H.  Vose,  Bangor 

Charles  H.  Went  worth,  Oakland 

E.  T.  Wing,  South  Portland 

J.  E.  Witham  and  Bob  and  John  Soper,  Lake  Alamoosook 

Dr.  George  A.  Wheeler  of  Castine  who,  in  1875  wrote  a  "History  of 
Castine,"  gave  us  much  valuable  information. 

I  also  acknowledge  with  gratitude  the  cooperation  of  Hon.  H.  E.  Dun- 
nack,  State  Librarian,  Augusta;  Dr.  W.  S.  Hill,  Augusta;  E.  M.  Blanding, 
Secretary  of  the  Bangor  Historical  Society;  the  late  Hon.  James  P.  Baxter, 
President  of  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  whose  official  letter  commending 
our  researches  of  the  people  of  Maine  was  of  noteworthy  assistance;  and  His 
Excellency,  Percival  Baxter,  now  Governor  of  the  State  of  Maine. 


12  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

Students  of  New  England  archaeology  and  anthropology  are  asked  to 
note  that  the  tabulation  of  grave  contents  and  specimens,  which  are  not 
published  in  this  report,  are  preserved  in  the  Archaeological  Museum  at 
Andover  and  are  available  for  their  study  there. 

W.  K.  M. 

GENERAL  ACCOUNT  OF  EXPEDITIONS 

The  archaeology  of  New  England  has  been  singularly  neglected  in  com- 
parison with  that  of  other  parts  of  our  country.  Much  less  time  and  money 
have  been  devoted  to  its  study  and  much  less  literature  exists  on  the  sub- 
ject than  on  the  antiquities  of  either  such  comparatively  unexplored  states  as 
Wisconsin  or  Arkansas.  Our  colonists  confined  their  observations  to  in- 
habited Indian  villages,  graveyards  of  the  period,  crudely  constructed 
Indian  forts,  and  other  evidences  of  Indian  occupation  in  historic  times. 
Although  we  have  in  New  England  scores  of  publications  dealing  with  early 
Indian  history,  Indian  wars,  and  related  subjects,  we  search  the  libraries  in 
vain  for  a  volume  devoted  exclusively  to  the  archaeology  of  the  New  Eng- 
land States. 

This  seems  to  the  writer  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  there  are  in  New 
England  no  conspicuous  archaeological  monuments,  no  mounds  or  earth- 
works, cliff  houses  or  ruined  buildings ;  while  in  other  sections  of  the  country 
ancient  mounds,  ruins,  and  other  remains,  of  both  stone  and  earth,  stand  out 
prominently  as  landmarks  and  at  once  attract  attention,  even  from  a  dis- 
tance. There  are  some  small  earthworks  near  Concord,  Millis,  and  Andover, 
Massachusetts,  and  doubtless  in  other  places  in  New  England,  but  they  are 
not  to  .be  compared  with  those  of  the  Ohio  Valley.  Except  the  village  sites, 
which  are  smaller  here  than  elsewhere,  we  have  practically  no  surface  indi- 
cations of  aboriginal  occupation.  While  it  is  comparatively  easy  to  locate 
shell  heaps  in  cruising  along  the  coast,  to  find  cemeteries  or  interior  village 
sites  we  are  compelled  to  depend  upon  the  use  of  spade  and  testing  rod.  A 
remark  of  the  late  Dr.  Thomas  WTilson  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  that 
evidences  of  prehistoric  occupation  of  a  given  area  are  found  in  proportion  as 
men  search,  and  not  according  to  the  ratio  in  which  they  exist,  is  peculiarly 
applicable  to  New  England. 

In  the  early  years  of  the  Department  of  Archaeology  of  Phillips  Acad- 
emy* some  observations  were  made  in  that  part  of  Essex  county  lying 
nearest  to  Andover,  and  a  scouting  expedition  was  made  through  the  Mer- 
rimac  valley  and  on  Cape  Cod.  A  collection  of  stone  implements  was  known 
to  have  been  made  by  a  Mr.  Tew  about  the  ponds  in  the  region  of  Hanson, 
Massachusetts.  These  and  other  observations  led  to  the  conclusion  that 


*  Established  in  1901. 


GENERAL    ACCOUNT    OF    EXPEDITIONS       13 

there  was  much  archaeological  material  to  be  found  in  New  England;  but  the 
active  field  work  was  for  some  years  devoted  to  other  parts  of  the  country, 
such  as  the  caverns  of  the  Ozarks. 

The  success  of  expeditions  working  in  Ohio,  New  Mexico,  etc.,  and 
composed  of  large  crews  suggested  that  similar  results  might  be  obtained  in 
New  England,  and  that,  if  the  material  for  study  there  seemed  scanty,  there 
was  the  more  need  of  regular  surveys  and  extensive  research.  A  study  of 
published  material  indicated  that  more  or  less  archaeological  work  had  been 
done  in  Connecticut,  along  the  lower  Penobscot,  on  Martha's  Vineyard, 
Nantucket,  and  Cape  Cod,  and  by  Professor  Perkins  about  Lake  Cham- 
plain*;  but  on  the  whole  the  State  of  Maine  seemed  to  offer  the  most  prom- 
ising field  for  scientific  exploration.  Especially  the  splendid  exhibits  in  the 
Peabody  Museum,  made  by  Mr.  Willoughby  in  the  early  nineties  from  four 
cemeteries  of  the  so-called  Red  Paint  People  of  Maine**,  opened  the  question 
of  the  extent  of  territory  occupied  by  this  people  and  the  possibility  of  cor- 
relating their  peculiar  culture  with  others.*** 

Important  archaeological  work  had  also  been  done  at  Moosehead  by 
J.  D.  McGuire  and  by  Mr.  Willoughby;  among  the  shell  heaps  on  the  coast 
by  F.  H.  Cushing,  by  Professor  F.  \V.  Putnam  especially  at  Damariscotta, 
by  Professor  F.  B.  Loomis  and  Mr.  D.  B.  Young  for  Amherst  College  in 
1909,  and  by  Professor  Arlo  Bates;  and  in  other  excavations  by  various 
persons.f  Much  of  this  work  has  been  published,  chiefly  in  scientific  peri- 
odicals, and  much  of  the  material  gathered  was  on  exhibition  in  various 
museums,  but  no  comprehensive  survey  of  the  archaeological  resources  of 
Maine  had  been  attempted. 

This  our  Department  undertook  to  make,  with  funds  granted  by  the 
Trustees,  and  the  first  expedition  was  organized  in  1912. tf  In  March  of 
that  year  Mr.  Charles  H.  Perkins  of  Wakefield,  Mass.,  was  employed  to  visit 
all  known  collectors  of  archaeological  specimens  living  in  Maine.  He  trav- 
elled extensively  over  the  state,  and  upon  such  maps  as  were  available  he 
entered  the  Indian  village  sites  and  burial  places,  so  far  as  knowledge  of 


*  See  Reports  of  the  State  Geologist  of  Vermont. 

**  See  Peabody  Museum  Papers  Vol.  1,  No.  6,  "Prehistoric-  Burial  Places  in  Maine."  Cambridge 
1898. 

'*  The  name,  apparently  first  used  by  Professor  Arlo  Hates,  was  given  them  because  of  the  great 
quantities  of  red  oc-her  or  powdered  hematite  found  in  all  their  burial  places.  This  is  not  the  only  fea- 
ture, however,  which  distinguishes  them  from  the  ordinary  Indian  of  history  and  tradition.  They  have 
also  their  peculiar  types  of  stone  artifacts. 

t  The  shell  heaps  of  Maine  are  mentioned  in  the  Handbook  of  American  Indians,  Part  "i,  pp.  542  and 
!).'{?.  Bureau  of  American  Kthnology.  Hull.  .'50,  Washington,  1910.  For  other  references,  see  Bibliogra- 
phy, pp  .  205-268. 

tf  The  work  of  tin-  firM  I  \\ o  years.  l!)l*  and  1913,  was  done  with  larger  appropriations  and  larger 
crews,  twelve  or  fifteen  men  each  summer,  and  the  results  were  correspondingly  more  important  than  in 
subsequent  year-. 


M  E  D  U  CT  1C 


PLAN    I 

MAP     OF 

MAINE 
SHOWING       ROUTES 

OF      THE 

EXPEDITIONS 

DRAWN     BY 
1920 


GENERAL    ACCOUNT    OF    EXPEDITIONS      15 

them  was  at  that  time  accessible.  The  study  of  this  material  revealed  many 
sites  along  the  Maine  coast  and  through  the  valleys  of  the  Penobscot,  Kenne- 
bec,  and  other  rivers.  Of  Indian  sites  in  the  interior  of  the  State  little  was 
known.  It  had  been  suggested  that  felsite  from  Mt.  Kineo,  which  the  In- 
dians worked  extensively  and  carried  to  various  parts  of  the  State,  might 
have  been  taken  from  Moosehead  down  the  Allegash  to  the  St.  John  River, 
and  Indian  sites  had  been  reported  on  Chamberlain,  Chesuncook,  and 
other  lakes  lying  about  the  head  of  the  Allegash.  Accordingly  I  went  to 
Moosehead  Lake  early  in  May,  and  with  Frank  Capino,  a  Penobscot  In- 
dian, as  guide,  journeyed  by  canoe  from  Northeast  Carry  through  the  West 
Branch  of  the  Penobscot,  Lakes  Chesuncook .  and  Chamberlain,  Eagle  Pond 
and  Long  Pond,  down  the  Allegash  to  the  St.  John,  and  down  the  St.  John 
to  Fort  Kent,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Fish  River,  a  distance  of  some  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty  kilometers.  Many  sportsmen  and  pleasure  seekers  have  taken 
the  Allegash  trip,  but  no  one  seems  to  have  looked  at  the  banks  of  these 
rivers  and  lakes  with  a  view  to  recording  aboriginal  sites.  We  discovered 
about  fifteen  small  sites.  The  water  being  unusually  high,  many  places  at 
which  guides  reported  that  arrow  heads  and  chips  of  the  Kineo  flint  had  been 
found,  were  inaccessible.*  We  attempted  no  explorations  at  this  time.  The 
trip  was  merely  a  reconnoissance. 

Our  regular  exploring  expedition  occupied  the  summers  from  1912  to 
1920,  omitting  1916,  which  was  devoted  by  the  Director  to  a  Susquehanna 
exploration  not  under  Phillips  Academy  jurisdiction  but  for  the  Museum  of 
the  American  Indian,  New  York,  and  to  the  Connecticut  River  survey 
of  1919,  the  report  on  which  will  be  published  later. 

The  number  of  men  in  the  party  varied  greatly  from  year  to  year,  but 
we  usually  had  enough  to  divide  into  several  groups,  so  that  more  than  one 
spot  was  being  excavated,  or  more  than  one  route  was  being  followed,  at  the 
same  time.  The  Survey  has  traversed  a  large  part  of  the  State  of  Maine  in 
canoes  and  has  made  many  trips  by  motor-boat  or  horse-drawn  vehicle  or  on 
foot.  Travel  by  canoe  is  in  general  by  far  the  best  method  of  exploration  in 
New  England,  for  the  Indians  travelled  by  canoe  and  we  can  move  over  the 
same  thoroughfare  that  they  traversed.  On  the  roads,  often  remote  from 
the  stream,  it  is  difficult  to  observe  the  river  banks.  Although  travel  by 
river  has  disadvantages  in  a  thickly  settled  district  such  as  that  bordering 


*  The  obliteration  of  archaeological  sites  in  Maine  by  the  erection  of  modern  dams  requires  mention. 
( )n  t  he  upper  waters  and  lakes  discharging  into  the  Penobscot :  Kennebec,  Allegash,  and  other  waterways, 
dams  ranging  from  four  to  fifteen  meters  in  height  have  been  built  in  recent  years  by  lumber  companies, 
and  in  consequence  the  lake  levels  have  been  raised  many  meters.  At  Lake  Chesuncook,  where  between 
1HJH)  and  190.5  Mr.  MarVs  found  many  interesting  specimens,  a  large  dam  has  so  raised  the  level  of  the 
lake  that  most  of  the  Indian  sites  are  now  flooded.  Since  1912  the  lumber  companies  have  stored  even 
more  water  and  it  will  probably  never  l>e  possible  to  carry  out  archaeological  researches  on  Lake  Chesun- 
cook or  Lake  Chamberlain. 


16  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

on  the  Connecticut  River  from  Turner's  Falls  down,  in  Maine  it  has  proved 
much  more  satisfactory  than  any  other  method.* 

Our  custom  has  been  to  go  first  to  the  head  of  a  river,  shipping  our 
canoes  and  camp  outfit  there,  and  to  start  down  stream.  For  the  first  hun- 
dred kilometers  or  more,  while  the  river  is  narrow,  both  banks  can  easily  be 
observed  from  the  canoes,  and  the  expedition  keeps  well  together.  When  the 
river  becomes  a  hundred  meters  or  more  wide,  the  canoes  separate,  two  fol- 
lowing the  right  bank  and  two  or  three  the  left.  The  men  are  continually 
landing  to  examine  the  banks;  often  they  paddle  up  small  tributary  streams 
as  far  as  the  canoe  can  be  driven.  In  the  broken  river  banks  at  various  dis- 
tances below  the  top,  specimens,  fire  pits,  and  other  indications  of  wigwam 
sites  are  often  discovered. 

Experience  in  the  field  teaches  the  archaeologist  to  select  readily  the 
places  at  which  Indian  remains  are  likely  to  be  found.  These  sites  are  usually 
near  the  mouth  of  a  tributary  stream  or  upon  a  lake.  A  site  which  appeals 
to  the  camper  of  today  was  likewise  attractive  to  the  Indian,  and  we  fre- 
quently find  modern  camp  sites  placed  upon  Indian  camping  grounds. 

In  the  following  summary  of  the  territory  covered,  travel  by  automo- 
bile, train,  or  steamer  is  not  included.  The  mileage  given  is  the  total  cov- 
ered by  the  party  whether  entire  or  in  sections.**  In  addition  to  the  trips 
noted  below,  a  number  of  short  ones  were  made  by  various  members  of  the 
expedition,  from  one  point  to  another,  ranging  from  forty  to  two  hundred 
and  forty  kilometers,  so  that  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  at  least  eighty-eight 
hundred  kilometers,  or  fifty -five  hundred  miles  were  covered  by  these  sur- 
veys and  expeditions. 

1912 
May.       Preliminary  tour  of  observation. 

Moosehead  Lake  and  West  Branch  of  300  miles 

Penobscot,  Chesuncook  and  Chamberlain  Lakes,  or 

Allegash  and  St.  John  Rivers  at  Fort  Kent.         500  kilometers. 
June  to  September.    Twelve  to  fifteen  men. 

Bucksport,  Orland,  Lake  Alamoosook,  600  miles 

Lower  Penobscot,  Sargentville,  1912  or  1913  or 

Moosehead  Lake,  Upper  Penobscot,  1000  kilometers. 

Mattawamkeag,  Passadumkeag,  tributary  streams. 

*  Our  canoes  are  extra  wide,  over  six  meters  long  and  sea-worthy.  Two  of  them  have  covered  a  dis- 
tance of  five  thousand  miles  in  nine  States  and  Provinces,  from  the  St.  John  River  to  the  Susquehanna, 
and  are  still  in  good  condition,  although  nine  years  old.  They  have  all  been  given  Indian  names :  Tc- 
cumseh,  Red  Cloud,  Sitting  Bull,  and  King  Philip.  Each  will  carry  three  persons  and  three  hundred 
pounds  of  baggage.  When  so  loaded  they  draw  not  over  eight  inches  of  water.  With  two  men  and  or- 
dinary luggage,  six  inches. 

**It  is  of  course  much  greater  than  the  distance  on  the  map  from  point  to  point.  Frequently  in  the 
area  of  a  lake  not  more  than  eight  or  ten  kilometers  long,  since  we  are  compelled  to  follow  the  entire 
shore  line  and  also  to  work  up  tributary  streams,  we  may  travel  sixty  or  seventy  kilometers  or  even 
more,  in  order  to  make  an  observation  complete. 


18 


MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 


or 

500  kilometers. 


700  miles 

or 
1160  kilometers. 


11 00  miles 

or 
1760  kilometers. 


1913 
April  and  May.  300  miles 

Small  expedition  for  five  weeks  on  Sebago 

Lake. 
June  to  September.    Twelve  men. 

Toddy  Pond,  Blue  Hill,  Hancock  Point, 

Sullivan  Falls,  Lamoine,  Union  River, 

Frenchman's  Bay,  coast  and  islands  from 

East  of  Bar  Harbor  to  Ellsworth, 

Mt.  Desert  and  adjacent  islands. 

1914 
June  to  September.    Twelve  or  thirteen  men. 

Moosehead  Lake,  West  Branch  of  Penobscot, 

St.  John  River  and  tributary  streams, 

East  Branch  of  St.  Croix  River,  Grand  and 

Schoodic  Lakes,  West  Branch  of  St.  Croix 

River,  Machias,  Bucksport,  Sandy  Point. 

1915 
June  to  September.    Fourteen  men. 

Castine  region,  coast  and  islands, 

Eggemoggin  Reach,  Orland,  Mattawamkeag  River, 

Piscataquis  River,  Katahdin  Iron  Works, 

Penobscot  from  Passadumkeag  to  Castine, 

Georges  River. 

1917 
May  to  September.    Six  men. 

Saco  River,  Salmon  Falls,  The  Weirs, 

Lake  Champlain,  cooperating  with  the 

University  of  Vermont. 

1918 
May  and  June.    Four  men. 

Coast  and  islands  from  Georges  River  to  Kennebec,     400  miles 

Waldoboro  and  Medomac  River,  or 

PemaquidPond,  Damariscotta River  and  Lake.   600 kilometers. 

Small  expedition  on  Kennebec  River  from  200  miles  or 

below  Moosehead  to  Waterville.  300  kilometers. 

1919 

June  to  August.    Seven  men. 

Connecticut  River  Survey. 

September. 

Lancaster's  cemetery  at  Winslow,  for  the  Bangor  His- 
torical Society. 


800  miles 

or 
1300  kilometers. 


600  miles 

or 
1000  kilometers. 


GENERAL    ACCOUNT    OF    EXPEDITIONS      19 

1920 
June  to  September.    Eight  men. 

Sebasticook  River  and  China  Lake,  410  miles 

Kennebec  and  Androscoggin  Rivers,  or 

East  Branch  of  Penobscot,  650  kilometers. 

Belgrade  Lakes,  Wayne- Auburn  region. 

1921 

July  to  August. 

No    expedition.      Curator    visited    Castine    region    and 
lakes  near  Mount  Katahdin. 


PART    II 

THE  RED  PAINT  PEOPLE 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  EXPLORATIONS  —  CEMETERIES 

A. 

BUCKSPORT.       1912.* 

Early  in  June,  1912,  the  first  expedition  established  headquarters  in 
Bucksport,  about  thirty  kilometers  below  Bangor  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Penobscot.  Here  we  first  inspected  the  sandy  knoll  north  of  the  town  near 
the  tannery,  on  land  owned  by  Messrs.  Fred  and  Benjamin  Blodgett.  Mr. 
Willoughby  had  explored  this  site  in  1892  and  removed  all  the  objects  that 
he  could  discover.**  Previous  to  his  investigation,  laborers  hauling  sand 
and  gravel  from  the  ridge  had  uncovered  a  number  of  graves,  but  most  of  the 
objects  removed  at  that  time  had  been  lost. 

We  made  a  number  of  excavations  in  another  knoll  near  the  tannery 
and  also  dug  on  bluffs  on  the  Penobscot  river  above  the  Blodgett  estate  and 
on  land  owned  by  Mr.  Parker  Spofford,  but  without  result.  There  is  a  fine 
spring  about  half  a  kilometer  up  the  river  from  the  tannery,  and  tradition 
averred  that  the  Indians  formerly  used  to  camp  at  this  place,  but  a  number 
of  pits  sunk  by  our  party  failed  tp  reveal  any  traces  of  burials  or  village 
here. 

Some  of  our  men  were  sent  up  the  river  from  Bucksport,  and  they  ex- 
amined both  the  east  and  west  banks  near  Winterport  and  also  at  points  as 
far  as  ten  kilometers  above  that  village.  Evidences  of  ordinary  camp  sites 
were  discovered,  but  no  large  village  site  and  no  burial  place  could  be  found. 
There  are  no  surface  indications,  and  in  order  to  determine  positively 
whether  there  are  cemeteries  of  the  Red  Paint  People  between  Bucksport 
and  Bangor  it  would  be  necessary  to  dig  upon  every  estate  bordering  the 
river  for  the  entire  distance.  This  is  true  of  all  sections  of  southern  Maine. 

It  was  stated  by  several  older  residents  of  Bucksport  that  when  the 
foundations  were  dug  for  a  number  of  houses  along  Main  street,  sixty  or 
seventy  years  ago,  great  quantities  of  red  ocher  and  the  gouges,  plummets, 
celts,  and  other  objects  usually  found  in  Red  Paint  cemeteries  were  un- 
covered. There  are  a  number  of  witnesses  to  these  discoveries  living  at  the 
present  time  in  Bucksport. 

*  See  Plans  I  and  XII. 

**See  Peabody  Museum  Paper  I,  6,  pp.  17-30.     Cambridge,  1898. 


RED  PAINT  PEOPLE  CEMETERIES        21 

ORLAND.     1912 

After  some  observations  at  Bucksport,  the  survey  moved  to  Orland,  a 
village  situated  about  four  kilometers  south  of  Bucksport,  at  the  head  of  tide 
water  on  Narramissic  stream,  called  by  some  Orland  river.  The  Narramis- 
sic  is  fed  by  Lake  Alamoosook,  a  beautiful  pond  of  fresh  water  some  five 
kilometers  east  of  the  village  of  Orland.  On  the  shores  of  this  lake  occur 
three  cemeteries  at  distances  of  not  more  than  two  kilometers  from  one  an- 
other. 

At  Orland  we  found  the  Narramissic  flowing  in  a  picturesque  little  valley. 
There  is  a  dam  here  which  furnishes  power  for  a  saw  mill  and  a  grist  mill. 
Above  the  dam  the  water  is  fresh;  below,  it  is  salt,  and  small  schooners  tie  up 
at  the  wharf  below  the  dam.  In  Indian  times  there  were  falls  two  or  three 
meters  in  height  where  the  dam  is  now  located.  On  either  side  of  the  stream 
at  this  point  there  are  high,  steep  hills,  as  the  river  has  cut  out  a  miniature 
gorge  on  its  passage  to  the  Penobscot.  The  banks  flanking  these  hills  were 
favorite  resorts  for  aboriginal  fishing  parties,  and  numerous  spears,  plum- 
mets, celts,  and  axes  were  left  about  the  valley. 

All  about  Orland  are  evidences  of  the  Kineo  felsite,  not  only  in  the  bur- 
ial places  but  more  especially  upon  the  village  sites  or  scattered  generally 
throughout  the  region.  On  the  shores  of  Lake  Alamoosook  at  low  water  one 
could  pick  up  great  quantities  of  this  material  brought  from  Mount  Kineo 
by  the  Indians  in  ancient  times. 

Mr.  Fred  J.  Holway  owns  a  large  farm  overlooking  the  Narramissic 
river  and  lying  on  the  right  bank  of  the  stream  below  the  village  at  the  crest 
of  the  hill,  some  thirty  or  forty  meters  above  tide  water.  In  opening  a  sand 
pit  on  this  farm  many  years  ago,  the  workmen  discovered  numerous  graves 
of  the  Red  Paint  People  and  a  large  number  of  implements  were  secured. 
Many  of  these  were  obtained  by  Mr.  Marks  of  Yarmouth  and  are  now  in  the 
Andover  collection.  A  few  were  taken  toBangor  and  placed  in  the  collection 
of  the  Bangor  Historical  Society.  Unfortunately  in  the  great  fire  at  Bangor 
in  1910  the  collection  was  entirely  destroyed.  It  contained  some  of  the 
finest  objects  ever  discovered  in  the  State  of  Maine  and  the  loss  is  irrepa- 
rable. Such  losses  emphasize  the  need  of  fireproof  museums  in  all  cities. 

Although  we  labored  assiduously  for  several  days  on  the  Holway  farm, 
we  found  no  more  graves.  The  cemetery  apparently  occupied  a  space  of 
thirty  by  twenty -five  meters  and  was  entirely  dug  out  during  the  process  of 
removing  sand  and  gravel.  We  discovered  some  fire  pits  a  hundred  meters 
east  and  south  of  the  gravel  pit,  but  in  them  there  was  only  the  usual  char- 
coal and  burnt  earth,  with  no  animal  bones  and  stone  implements.  Al- 
though we  employed  ten  men  and  sunk  upwards  of  one  hundred  holes,  we 
found  only  one  rough,  unfinished  plummet  during  our  search  of  the  premises. 
There  are  indications  of  chert,  argillite,  and  slate  chippings  on  the  surface, 


RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES  23 

and  as  the  ground  was  favorable  for  a  camp  site,  it  had  probably  been  oc- 
cupied by  Indians.  Tradition  has  it  that  long  ago  the  Penobscots  built  weirs 
at  the  falls  and  thus  obtained  shad,  salmon,  alewives,  and  other  fish,  as  they 
were  ascending  or  descending  the  river.  The  oldest  settlers  remember  that 
the  Indians  used  to  camp  at  this  place  while  engaged  in  fishing. 

HARTFORD'S  CEMETERY. 

Near  the  village  and  on  the  same  side  of  the  stream,  is  the  farm  of  Cap- 
tain Seth  X.  Hartford,  facing  the  turnpike  known  as  the  Ellsworth,  Bucks- 
port,  and  Bangor  Road,  and  running  back  toward  the  river.  Mr.  Ernest  O. 
Sugden  of  Orland,  who  took  great  interest  in  our  work  and  afterwards  went 
on  all  of  the  expeditions,  informed  me  that  near  the  two  barns  owned  by 
Captain  Hartford  he  had  picked  up  several  plummets  and  gouges,  but  had 
not  observed  any  red  paint.  Mr.  Valentine  Soper  had  also  found  specimens 
at  this  place.  In  the  east  side  of  a  steep  hill  just  north  of  the  two  barns,  the 
town  of  Orland  had  opened  a  gravel  pit,  which  had  been  in  use  for  some  ten 
years  and  was  worked  back  forty  meters  from  the  road,  leaving  the  bank 
now  several  meters  high.  The  boys  of  Orland  had  formerly  found  a 
number  of  graves  at  a  point  half  way  between  the  original  edge  of  the  bank 
and  the  present  bank. 

We  dug  numerous  holes  along  the  knoll  just  west  of  the  present  gravel 
bank,  but  were  unable  to  find  any  more  graves.  The  soil  here  is  ordinary 
clay.  The  east  edge  of  the  bank,  which  has  been  removed,  was  composed  of 
sand,  and  the  Red  Paint  People  preferred  above  all  things  to  place  their 
cemeteries  in  a  sandy  flat  or  a  sandy  ridge.  We  have  often  found  burials  in 
gravel  but  never  in  clay.  It  is  therefore  probable  that  the  graves  removed  in 
the  course  of  excavating  the  gravel  were  all  the  graves  in  this  particular  ridge. 
To  make  certain,  however,  we  carried  on  extensive  operations  for  two  or 
three  weeks  over  Captain  Hartford's  farm.  He  permitted  us  to  cut  the  hay, 
and  after  this  was  done  we  put  a  force  of  eleven  or  twelve  men  at  work  dig- 
ging test  holes  all  over  the  ridge  as  far  back  as  two  hundred  meters  from  the 
barns.  We  also  dug  on  the  slopes  of  the  ridge  to  the  south,  or  towards  the 
river.  This  labor  produced  only  negative  results. 

Finally  graves  wrere  discovered  in  the  space  between  the  two  barns,  not 
far  from  the  ridge.  This  yard  is  rather  low,  and  few  cemeteries  have  been 
found  in  such  a  location.  We  staked  off  an  area  about  a  hundred  meters 
square,  of  which  Plan  II  shows  the  part  containing  the  barnyard,  the  barns, 
and  all  the  graves  discovered.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  more  ground 
was  excavated  than  is  indicated  on  the  map,  as  this  naturally  includes  only 
the  space  in  which  graves  occurred.  This  is  true  of  all  the  sites  which  we  ex- 
plored. 

Apparently  the  area  had  been  disturbed  even  before  the  barns  were  con- 
structed. The  land  was  first  cultivated  about  a  century  ago,  and  plowing 


24  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

had  disturbed  the  graves  nearest  the  surface,  for  some  interments  were  not 
more  than  twenty  or  thirty  centimeters  below  the  sod.  The  deeper  graves 
contained  more  objects  than  the  shallower  ones,  and  the  ocher  was  brighter. 
Near  the  surface  were  some  deposits  of  red  ocher  and  discolored  soil  in  which 
no  implements  were  encountered.  Most  of  these  finds  indicated  a  disturbed 
condition,  and  it  is  therefore  reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  implements  had 
been  removed  through  plowing.*  As  there  were  two  barns  and  a  shed  sur- 
rounding the  barnyard,  it  had  been  much  in  use.  The  loam  had  been  carted 
off  from  a  space  twenty-five  by  twenty  meters  in  extent  between  the  build- 
ings and  the  surface  covered  with  a  heavy,  whitish  clay.  Hence  all  graves 
originally  in  this  space  were  either  completely  destroyed  or  for  the  greater 
part  hauled  away.  It  is  fortunate  that  not  all  the  graves  were  in  the  barn- 
yard.** 

A  study  of  the  thirty-nine  interments  opened  at  this  place,  in  addition  to 
numerous  deposits  of  red  ocher  in  which  no  implements  were  found,  leads  one 
to  believe  that  originally  there  must  have  been  upwards  of  a  hundred  burials 
in  this  cemetery.  We  assume  that  they  all  occupied  a  comparatively  small 
space,  perhaps  thirty  by  forty  meters.  To  the  south,  the  west,  the  north, 
and  the  east  of  this  area,  we  could  find  no  burials.  At  these  points  the  soil  is 
either  clay  or  gravel  or  contains  large  stones.  Doubtless  the  Red  Paint 
People  tested  the  ridge  and  deposited  their  dead  where  digging  was  compara- 
tively easy,  that  is,  in  sand  or  sandy  loam. 

The  graves  having  been  in  many  instances  disturbed,  we  can  state  only 
with  reservation  that  the  contents  varied  from  two  or  three  objects  to  as  high 
as  ten.  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  graves  containing  five  or  more  objects  were 
absolutely  undisturbed,  and  that  those  containing  from  one  to  four  objects, 
unless  deeper  than  forty  or  fifty  centimeters,  had  been  disturbed. 

A  study  of  the  graves  indicate  that  gouges  predominate.  In  contrast 
to  the  Emerson  cemetery,f  polished  slate  spear  heads  are  rare,  only  two  or 
three  being  found.  In  general  there  was  less  slate  used  by  the  people  occu- 
pying this  site  than  chert  or  Kineo  felsite.  There  is  uniformity  as  to  work- 
manship and  art  as  a  whole,  but  some  individual  graves  are  strikingly  differ  - 


*  During  the  exploration  of  all  the  cemeteries  near  Bucksport  we  occasionally  discovered  objects 
which  were  entered  on  our  field  notes  as  "strays."  However,  after  going  over  the  notes  very  carefully  and 
studying  the  collections,  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  these  are  not  all  strays,  but  that  some  were  originally 
in  the  graves  of  the  Red  Paint  People  and  have  been  disturbed  by  the  plow  or  by  those  who  were  digging 
in  search  of  specimens. 

**  The  details  of  most  of  the  more  than  four  hundred  and  forty  graves  found  by  us  in  Maine  in  1912 
and  later  years,  will  be  omitted  in  the  report,  only  certain  important  ones  being  here  described,  but  tables 
have  been  prepared  of  which  the  Department  of  Archaeology  will  be  glad  to  forward  a  typewritten  copy 
to  anyone  who  wishes  to  learn  the  contents  of  every  grave.  The  field  notes,  which  would  fill  more  than 
two  hundred  pages  if  inserted  here,  state  all  particulars,  setting  forth  in  detail  the  position  of  the  grave 
and  the  distances  of  the  various  objects  from  one  another. 

f  See  page  34. 


8 
1 

1 

= 


26  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

ent  from  the  average.  Many  of  them  contain  practically  the  same  things, 
while  other  single  graves  may  show  a  preponderance  of  plummets,  or  of 
celts,  hatchets,  and  adze  blades,  or  of  gouges.  One  individual  might  have 
three  or  four  polished  stone  hatchets  buried  with  him,  and  another  two  or 
three  gouges  and  two  or  three  celts  and  a  plummet  or  two. 

In  nearly  every  grave  there  was  a  fire  stone,  or  fragment  of  decayed  iron 
pyrites,  of  the  same  character  as  those  found  by  Mr.  Willoughby  at  Bucksport 
and  in  the  natural  mound  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Alamoosook.  Nearly  all  of 
the  graves  contained  also  a  pebble  more  or  less  smooth  and  usually  quite 
small,  about  the  size  of  a  marble  and  of  some  bright  color.  These  pebbles 
occurred  also  at  the  Emerson  and  Mason  cemeteries,  and  the  workmen 
called  them  "lucky  stones."  They  are  not  to  be  confused  with  hammer- 
stones.  At  first  we  thought  them  to  be  natural  to  the  soil  —  a  part  of  the 
light  gravel  —  but  their  persistent  occurrence  indicates  that  they  were  in- 
troduced intentionally.  They  might  have  been  used  to  grind  up  the  red 
paint,  but  most  of  them  are  too  small  to  have  been  of  real  service  for  this 
purpose  and  few,  if  any,  show  traces  of  wear.  Possibly  the  paint  was  so  soft 
that  it  did  not  abrase  the  surface  of  the  stone.*  In  many  graves  in  all  the 
cemeteries  examined  there  were  rounded  smooth  stones  as  large  as  eggs  which 
may  more  probably  have  served  as  paint  grinders. 

From  the  discoloration  of  the  sand  from  one-third  of  a  meter  to  one 
meter  beyond  the  deposits,  we  may  infer  that  a  considerable  quantity  of 
ocher  was  placed  with  each  interment.  A  small  amount  of  ocher  would  not, 
I  believe,  discolor  such  an  extent  of  soil.  Sometimes  the  men  found  color  a 
few  inches  above  implements,  but  usually  it  extended  beneath  or  beyond 
and  on  all  sides.  The  stone  implements  lay  in  this  ocher,  and  we  may  surmise 
that  quarts  of  it  were  placed  in  each  grave.  Later  in  other  cemeteries,  we 
have  found  as  much  as  a  bushel  in  one  grave.  For  the  origin  of  the  red 
ocher,  see  p.  133. 

Before  photographing  a  grave,  the  objects  were  cleared  of  earth  and 
ocher,  and  after  the  negative  had  been  taken  they  were  removed.  It  fre- 
quently happened  that  there  were  several  smaller  objects  beneath  the  de- 
posit of  ocher  containing  the  large  ones;  hence  some  of  our  negatives  show 
fewer  objects  than  the  catalogue  indicates  as  taken  from  those  particular 
graves.  Again,  objects  may  occur  fifteen  or  more  centimeters  apart,  and  it 
is  sometimes  difficult  to  decide  in  which  grave  they  had  been  placed. 

Usually  the  stone  implements  lay  together  or  but  slightly  separated. 
Generally  they  had  been  laid  flat,  grooves  of  gouges  uppermost,  but  oc- 
casionally they  were  turned  at  an  angle,  and  often  were  slightly  sloping  or 
elevated  at  one  end,  especially  in  the  case  of  the  graves  nearest  the  surface. 
No  uniformity  was  observed  by  the  ancient  people  in  placing  these  burials. 


*  For  another  suggestion,  see  p.  56. 


That  is,  the  celts,  gouges,  plummets,  fire  stones,  small  pebbles,  spear  points, 
or  other  objects  were  not  laid  with  reference  to  the  points  of  the  compass  and 
not  always  placed  side  by  side.  Sometimes  three  or  four  would  be  found  as 
much  as  twenty  or  thirty  centimeters  away  from  the  others.  While  such  ob- 
jects were  entered  in  the  field  notes  as  from  one  grave,  they  may  represent 
two  burials,  although  I  doubt  it.  Where  such  deposits  were  as  much  as 
half  a  meter  apart  and  the  discoloration  of  the  sand  did  not  extend  from  one 
to  the  other,  we  entered  them  as  separate  graves. 

In  his  exploration  of  the  knoll  at  Alamoosook,  Mr.  Willoughby  pos- 
sessed an  advantage  over  us,  in  that  the  site  had  not  been  previously 
disturbed  to  any  appreciable  extent.  It  had  not  been  plowed,  it  was  cov- 
ered with  trees,  and  the  graves  were  on  the  average  deeper  than  our  graves. 
He  was  consequently  able  to  trace  some  of  the  fire  pits  dug  by  the  Red  Paint 
People,*  whereas  in  most  of  our  excavations  we  could  not  distinguish  them, 
and  Hartford's  barnyard  in  particular,  although  carefully  dug  over,  revealed 
but  one  well-defined  fire  pit.  No  matter  how  carefully  we  scraped  the  sides 
of  our  trenches  with  a  hand  trowel,  we  could  not  determine  where  the  dis- 
turbed sand  ended  and  the  natural  sand  began.  Subsequently  we  hand- 
trowelled  whole  sections  of  a  cemetery  in  our  efforts  to  trace  grave  out- 
lines, as  will  be  set  forth  later  in  this  volume. 

In  all  my  previous  explorations  —  and  I  have  dug  up  nearly  thirteen 
hundred  skeletons  during  the  past  thirty  years  —  I  had  never  (before) 
examined  places  appearing  so  old  that  the  implements  and  the  ocher  were 
the  only  positive  evidences  that  primitive  excavations  had  been  made.  Here, 
however,  many  even  of  the  gouges,  plummets  and  celts  presented  evidences 
of  disintegration.  This  was  observed  also  at  Emerson's  and  elsewhere. 
Whether  the  crumbling  and  weathering  is  due  to  action  of  the  ferric  oxides  I 
do  not  know.  There  appeared  to  be  more  decay  on  the  specimens  from 
graves  than  on  those  found  upon  the  surface,  as  on  village  sites,  etc. 

The  materials  of  which  the  tools  were  made  are  granite,  sandstone, 
metamorphosed  slate,  trap,  limestone,  and  some  materials  not  yet  identified. 
There  are  some  fragments  of  slate,  probably  rubbing  stones  and  slabs  on 
which  paint  was  ground.  The  gouge  from  this  cemetery  shown  in  fig.  16 
(left),  the  largest  gouge  that  we  have  seen  in  any  public  or  private  collection, 
is  of  sandstone.  It  is  forty-three  centimeters  long. 

The  Red  Paint  People  are  characterized  by  their  gouges,  which  rank  as 
good  examples  of  stone-age  art  in  the  manufacture  of  implements.  The  edges 
of  many  of  these  gouges  are  not  only  very  sharp,  but  beautifully  worked. 
Indeed  they  are  made  as  thin  and  sharp  as  it  is  possible  to  work  stone. 
The  edges  are  frequently  curved  gracefully,  as  is  indicated  in  fig.  17,  the 


*  See  Peabody  Museum  Papers,  I,  6,  pp.  30  ff. 


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RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES  29 

one  to  the  left  in  19  and  the  central  one  in  20.  Several  types  are  to  be  ob- 
served :  the  ordinary  gouge  with  groove  rectangular  in  outline,  the  gouge  in 
which  the  depression  is  drawn  to  a  point  one  third  of  the  distance  from  the 
cutting  end,  and  other  specialized  forms. 

The  two  in  fig.  17  have  rectangular  grooves,  but  the  interesting  feature 
lies  in  the  graceful  curve  of  the  cutting  edges. 

A  few  ornamental  stones  and  one  or  two  that  apparently  are  effigies 
were  discovered  in  the  Hartford  site.  In  one  of  the  graves  we  found  the 
outer  surface  of  an  ordinary  concretion,  worked  hollow  and  used,  I  sup- 
pose, as  a  cup.  It  was  found  filled  with  red  paint. 

In  or  near  Graves  33  and  34  were  two  flat  sandstone  slabs,  thirty  and 
forty  centimeters  in  diameter  and  about  two  centimeters  thick,  with  surfaces 
apparently  polished  or  worn.  They  seem  too  thin  to  serve  as  mortars.  Pos- 
sibly paint  was  worked  on  them,  but  their  use  is  not  certain. 

Our  field  notes  on  Grave  18  are  inserted  here,  to  give  an  idea  of  the 
general  character  of  observations  in  the  field. 

"Grave  18.  This  was  68  cm.  down  in  sand  and  immediately 
north  of  the  barn.  (See  Plan  II  and  Fig.  7).  Fully  a  quart  of 
bright  red  ocher  was  taken  out  and  there  was  much  more  mixed  with 
the  sand.  68  cm.  east  of  the  main  deposit  and  35  cm.  higher  up 
occurred  two  large  plummets,  one  badly  decayed,  associated  with 
a  quantity  of  ocher.  This  was  probably  a  second  burial,  but  was 
classed  with  grave  18.  The  objects  were  as  follows:  Two  large  gouges, 
well  made,  33  cm.  and  21  cm.  long;  lay  N.  E.  and  S.  W.,  bits  to  the 
N.  E.  About  33  cm.  east  lay  four  other  gouges  and  celts  at  right 
angles  to  the  first  two.  One  of  these  celts  was  badly  decayed  by  a 
lump  of  pyrites  which  lay  at  its  smaller  end.  The  bits  of  these  four 
objects  were  turned  toward  the  first  two  and  practically  in  contact 
with  them.  All  except  the  largest  gouge  were  surrounded  by  the 
ocher.  There  were  three  lumps  of  pyrites  and  numerous  small 
fragments  of  the  same,  but  no  hammer  stones." 

"The  barn  was  tunnelled  under  about  five  meters  in  from  the 
east  wall  and  the  trench  was  mushroomed  at  the  end.  Several 
large  masses  of  ocher,  spread  in  layers,  were  encountered  70  cm. 
down,  which  contained  no  relics." 

"On  the  original  surface  where  the  barns  are,  were  evidences 
of  an  Indian  camp  site  —  cores,  chips,  and  '  turtlebacks' ;  also 
some  ashes  and  charcoal." 

Three  years  later,  on  June  14,  1915,  we  returned  to  Orland  from  Cas- 
tine  because  we  learned  that  men  engaged  in  hauling  gravel  from  the  bank 
before  mentioned,  had  discovered  some  red  ocher  at  a  point  beyond  the 
school  house,  where  we  had  previously  made  tests. 


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RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES  31 

We  worked  the  bank  back  some  three  meters,  following  the  red  paint 
layer  to  the  end,  and  as  the  bank  had  been  worked  down  by  the  gravel 
haulers,  we  were  able  to  get  a  clear  vertical  face  for  some  distance.  This 
enabled  me  to  determine  that  a  layer  of  paint  had  been  laid  down  by  the 
Indians,  some  nine  meters  across  at  this  point.  As  we  worked  into  the 
bank  this  narrowed,  and  after  three  and  one  half  meters  it  disappeared.  As 
the  camera  would  not  show  these  faint  strata  to  advantage,  my  son  drew 
them  carefully,  employing  colors  to  show  the  differences. 

I  observed  that  the  paint  layer  was  about  two-thirds  of  a  meter  below 
the  surface  where  we  first  encountered  it  but  sloped  gradually  upward. 
When  grave  209  had  been  taken  out  and  we  had  worked  two  meters  further, 
to  the  point  where  the  red  streak  ran  out,  it  was  less  than  a  quarter  of  a 
meter  from  the  surface.  Possibly  some  of  the  top  of  the  bank  had  been  re- 
moved at  this  point  in  previous  years. 

So  far  as  I  could  determine,  the  burials  had  been  placed  upon  the  layer 
of  ocher.  Certainly  we  observed  the  outlines  of  two  graves,  one  of  which 
the  workmen  had  removed.  Extending  from  the  surface  downward  to  the 
bottom  of  the  red  layer  were  two  places  where  the  strata  of  sand  arid  gravel 
had  been  broken.  These  pits  were  about  one  meter  wide,  but  the  length 
could  not  be  determined,  for  the  reason  that  the  graves  or  deposits  were  so 
old  and  the  difference  between  the  natural  and  the  disturbed  soil  so  nearly 
obliterated,  that  we  could  not  easily  distinguish  them  when  digging  directly 
down.  We  cannot  always  tell  where  a  grave  begins  and  ends,  but  when  the 
section  appears  in  a  straight  gravel  bank  with  exposed  perpendicular  face, 
the  slight  difference  is  noted.  A  view  is  presented  in  Fig.  18. 

Here  as  elsewhere  the  paint  was  brighter  under  the  deposits  and  fainter 
in  the  area  outside  of  them.  Either  the  layer  of  ocher  was  first  spread  over 
the  base  of  a  rather  extended  area,  then  the  interments  placed  upon  it  and 
more  ocher  added  about  each  deposit,  or  else  the  graves  may  have  been  dug 
separately  and  so  much  ocher  put  into  each  one  that  water  penetrating 
through  the  gravel  distributed-  enough  of  it  to  discolor  the  soil  for  some  me- 
ters in  various  directions.* 

While  we  felt  certain  that  we  could  see  the  two  grave  outlines,  as  stated, 
yet  we  were  unable  positively  to  trace  disturbed  strata  between  the  two 
graves,  although  very  careful  work  was  done  with  the  hand  trowel.  It 
does  not  seem  possible  that  the  layer  could  have  been  placed  there  first,  the 
sand  and  gravel  placed  carefully  upon  it,  and  the  graves  dug  in  subsequent 
years.  Possibly  the  explanation  lies  in  the  suggestion  that  water  carried  the 
ocher  along  upon  a  general  level  or  horizontal  plane;  but  if  this  is  true,  why 
has  not  the  same  condition  been  more  often  observed  in  other  cemeteries? 


*  For  similar  observations  made  at  the  Hathaway  and  Lancaster  cemeteries,  see  pp.  58  and  100. 


-5 

•2 
+j 

i 

a 

d 
'3 


RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES  33 

If  we  could  have  found  graves  in  the  edge  of  the  gravel  pit  before  the  team- 
sters began  work,  we  might  have  solved  an  interesting  problem. 

LAKE  ALAMOOSOOK.     1912. 

Lake  Alamoosook,  which  lies  within  the  town  of  Orland  and  five  kilo- 
meters east  of  the  village,  as  has  been  noted,  is  about  four  kilometers  long 
and  two  kilometers  broad.  The  outlet  which  forms  the  Narramissic  river  is 
at  the  northwest  corner.  See  plan  III/ 

Several  of  us  visted  this  region  in  June,  1912,  while  the  other  men  were 
digging  at  Orland,  and  late  in  the  month  we  rented  a  cottage  convenient ly 
situated  at  the  outlet  of  the  lake  and  just  across  from  the  property  owned  by 
Mr.  Frank  Pierce,  known  as  the  Elijah  Emerson  estate.  We  spent  three 
weeks  in  exploration  of  this  cemetery,  employing  local  labor  in  addition  to 
our  own  force. 

After  a  trip  to  Moosehead  and  the  West  Branch  of  the  Penobscot  and  on 
completion  of  our  journey  down  the  main  river  including  the  exploration  of 
Hathaway 's  cemetery  at  Passadumkeag  (see  pp.  50,  55),  we  returned  to 
Lake  Alamoosook  in  August  and  spent  three  weeks  more,  continuing  the 
explorations  of  the  Emerson  and  Mason  cemeteries.  At  this  time  we  rented 
a  more  commodious  cottage  about  half  a  kilometer  from  the  Emerson  ceme- 
tery and  two  kilometers  from  Mason's  Landing. 

In  this  report  I  shall  treat  the  work  at  the  Mason  and  Emerson  ceme- 
teries as  a  whole,  although  there  were  these  two  periods  of  work  with  the 
northern  trip  intervening.  The  map  presented  in  plan  III  is  by  Mr.  Sugden, 
who  spent  part  of  the  month  of  October  of  that  year  in  making  a  careful 
survey  of  the  shores  of  the  lake. 

The  six  weeks  spent  at  Lake  Alamoosook  resulted  in  the  identification 
and  exploration  of  five  or  six  sites,  two  of  which  were  the  large  cemeteries 
mentioned.  There  were  numerous  small  camp  sites,  which  are  indicated  on 
the  map,  but  nothing  of  consequence  was  found  at  the  points  where  they  are 
located. 

To  the  northeast  of  Lake  Alamoosook  and  emptying  into  it  is  a  long 
body  of  sluggish  water  known  as  Dead  River,  with  a  brook  entering  it  five 
kilometers  from  the  lake  and  another  smaller  lake  or  pond  about  three  kilo- 
meters up  the  brook.  No  evidences  of  a  considerable  Indian  population 
could  be  discovered,  either  around  the  shores  of  this  pond  or  along  the  brook. 

In  the  following  summer  we  examined  the  shore  of  Toddy  Pond,  four- 
teen kilometers  long,  which  is  nearby  and  to  the  southeast  of  Lake  Alamoo- 
sook. This  larger  body  drains  into  Alamoosook,  and  the  natural  supposi- 
tion was  that  more  evidences  of  the  Red  Paint  culture  would  be  found  here. 
My  field  notes  on  Toddy  Pond,  however,  indicate  no  occupation  of  that  site 
by  any  considerable  number  of  aborigines. 


34  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

The  water  of  Lake  Alamoosook  has  been  raised  about  two  meters  by  the 
building  of  a  dam  two  meters  and  a  half  high  at  the  foot  of  the  lake,  where 
there  is  a  saw-mill  now  owned  by  Messrs.  Witham  and  Soper.  Old  residents 
of  the  neighborhood  informed  me  that  previous  to  the  erection  of  this  dam, 
when  the  lake  was  at  the  same  level  as  in  Indian  times,  heaps  of  chips,  spalls, 
rejects,  hammerstones,  and  other  material  denoting  the  manufacture  of  im- 
plements, lay  about  the  shore  at  the  points  indicated  by  the  letter  E  on  Plan 
III.  This  particularly  applies  to  the  outlet  and  to  the  bays  on  the  north  side 
between  the  outlet  and  Dead  River,  where  these  indications  of  Indian  work- 
shops are  most  numerous.  Mr.  Robert  Soper,  whose  father  assisted  Mr. 
Willoughby  in  1892  in  the  exploration  of  the  mound  indicated  by  the  letter  C 
on  the  map,  informs  me  that  both  he  and  his  father,  when  the  water  was  very 
low  in  the  lake,  have  discovered  large  numbers  of  chipped  implements,  some 
broken  slate  points,  and  a  few  celts  and  plummets.  We  examined  all  the 
shore  of  the  lake  but  made  formal  excavations  only  at  the  two  important  bur- 
ial sites. 

THE  EMERSON  CEMETERY 

Many  years  ago  Captain  Elijah  Emerson  built  a  cottage  on  a  charming 
point  of  land  at  the  north  end  of  Lake  Alamoosook,  with  the  river  or  outlet 
flowing  along  the  western  edge  of  his  property.  The  stream  is  but  forty 
meters  wide  at  the  present  time.  There  is  a  dam  and  a  saw-mill  at  this  point 
but  formerly  there  were  falls  flanking  the  Emerson  lot  and  there  is  a  tradi- 
tion that  at  these  falls  the  Indians  caught  great  numbers  of  fish. 

It  is  related  of  Captain  Emerson  that  he  entertained  many  guests  at  his 
cottage  but  he  would  never  permit  exploration  on  his  land,  although  it  was 
known  that  numbers  of  stone  implements  had  been  picked  up  there.  He  ap- 
pears to  have  made  one  exception  however.  Dr.  Augustus  C.  Hamlin  of 
Bangor,  who  was  active  in  organizing  the  Bangor  Historical  Society,  visited 
Alamoosook  and  asked  Mr.  Foster  Soper,  who  knew  the  Captain  well,  to 
intercede  for  him.  At  last  they  were  permitted  to  examine  the  land  for  a 
period  limited  to  one  day,  and  Mr.  Robert  Soper  has  informed  me  that  his 
father  and  Dr.  Hamlin  hitched  an  ox  team  to  a  heavy  plow  and  spent  the  day 
in  plowing  over  the  Emerson  land  to  the  depth  of  two  furrows.  According  to 
Mr.  Prescott  H.  Vose  of  Bangor,  Dr.  Hamlin  brought  back  a  large  number  of 
stone,  chert,  and  slate  objects  to  Bangor  in  a  spring  wagon;  and  Dr.  Hamlin 
himself  told  Mr.  Willoughby  that  ninety-nine  implements  of  various  kinds 
were  secured  during  the  day's  work.  After  the  plowing  was  completed  and 
a  heavy  rain  rendered  the  field  suitable  for  searching,  Mr.  Marks  collected 
twenty  or  thirty  more  implements  from  the  surface,  which  are  now  in  the 
Andover  collection. 

Mr.  Frank  Pierce,  the  present  owner  of  the  property,  kindly  permitted 
us  to  explore  it  completely  and  we  uncovered  the  graves  shown  in  plan  IV. 


FIG.  7.     GravelS.  Hartford's.  Not  all  the  objects  are  shown  here.   Others  were  underneath  these  adze 
blades  and  gouges. 


36  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

The  site  was  found  to  be  more  disturbed  than  Captain  Hartford's,  all  graves 
lying  within  forty  centimeters  of  the  surface  having  been  destroyed,  so  far 
as  scientific  observations  are  concerned,  by  the  heavy  plowing  referred  to. 
Only  the  graves  lying  deeper  appeared  to  be  in  their  original  condition.  The 
cemetery  occupied  a  space  of  about  seventeen  by  twenty  meters.  The  soil 
is  a  loose,  sandy  loam,  in  which  the  Indian  did  not  find  digging  difficult. 

We  staked  the  field  from  the  edge  of  the  slope  bordering  the  lake  back 
toward  the  house  for  eighty  meters,  and  numerous  holes  were  put  down  along 
the  high  land  overlooking  the  outlet,  but  no  grave  could  be  found  save  in 
the  spot  indicated  on  plan  III. 

On  our  second  visit  we  extended  two  long  trenches  from  near  the  water 
line  to  a  point  fifteen  meters  beyond  where  the  last  grave  was  discovered  and 
numerous  pits  were  dug  fifty  or  more  meters  in  all  directions  out  from  the 
cemetery,  but  absolutely  nothing  more  was  found. 

While  Mr.  Pierce  kindly  permitted  excavations  at  the  point  named,  lie 
did  not  wish  us  to  dig  in  the  lawn  directly  in  front  of  his  cottage.  I  sunk  our 
steel  sounding  rod,  however,  in  a  number  of  places  here,  and  as  I  found  the 
soil  composed  of  heavy  clay  or  gravel,  with  considerable  stone  in  it,  I  ven- 
ture the  opinion  that  no  burials  were  made  on  this  part  of  the  knoll. 

North  of  Mr.  Pierce's  cottage  we  sunk  fifteen  or  twenty  pits  and  found  a 
large  Indian  village  or  camp  site,  with  quantities  of  pottery  fragments, 
chips  of  Kineo  stone,  chert,  etc.,  and  four  or  five  gouges  and  plummets 
which  were  given  to  the  owner.  This  was  not  a  village  of  the  Red  Paint 
People,  however,  and  no  graves  were  found  there. 

All  considered,  there  must  have  been  at  least  two  hundred  burials  made 
upon  Mr.  Pierce's  property  in  prehistoric  times.*  It  is  unfortunate  that  such 
a  place  could  not  have  been  thoroughly  examined  before  it  was  disturbed. 
If  there  were  any  fire  pits  near  the  surface,  they  cannot  be  traced  at  the  pres- 
ent time.  One  fire  pit  was  discovered  at  the  south  end  of  the  slope,  as  is 
marked  on  the  plan,  but  nothing  was  found  either  in  it  or  below  it.  Neither 
at  Emerson's  nor  at  Hartford's  did  we  discover  fire  pits  of  the  same  charac- 
ter as  those  found  by  Mr.  Willoughby  in  the  mound  further  east. 

Where  a  few  superimposed  graves  occurred,  the  Indians  had  dug  down 
below  the  loam  into  the  hard  grey  clay  known  as  "hard  pan".  This  lay  on 
the  average  forty-five  centimeters  below  the  grave.  A  few  of  the  deeper 
graves  were  dug  into  this  hard  layer,  and  just  beyond  the  fire  pit  a  layer  of 
burnt  earth  was  encountered  twenty-eight  centimeters  down.  Except  for 
this,  no  traces  of  ash  pits  were  found  in  the  entire  excavations. 

A  study  of  our  field  notes  indicates  that  the  largest  number  of  objects 
found  in  any  one  deposit  was  twenty-one,  but  that  graves  containing  one, 
two,  or  four  objects  predominate.  More  red  ocher  was  found  here  than  at 

*Figs.  11,  12,  13  and  14  present  views  of  the  Emerson  site. 


— 

= 


I 


38 

Hartford's.  There  were  sixty  or  more  deposits  of  ocher  or  of  soil  discolored 
red,  but  as  few  or  no  implements  were  found  in  them,  they  were  probably 
the  graves  that  Dr.  Hamlin  plowed  out.  The  deeper  graves  contained  the 
same  average  number  of  specimens  as  were  found  in  Mason's  and  Hartford's 
cemeteries  and  in  Hathaway's  at  Passadumkeag.  As  was  observed  at  Cap- 
tain Hartford's,  not  a  single  trace  of  a  human  skeleton  was  to  be  discovered 
in  any  of  these  graves. 

Although  the  work  was  very  carefully  done,  hand  trowels  being  used 
quite  as  much  as  the  larger  tools,  no  uniformity  of  position  of  artifacts  is  to 
be  noted.  On  the  contrary,  as  at  Hartford's  even  in  the  deep  graves,  al- 
though the  objects  are  lying  horizontally,  they  are  not  placed  in  the  same 
order.  That  is,  the  celts,  the  plummets,  the  gouges,  or  the  problematical 
forms  are  not  always  to  the  right  or  to  the  left,  nor  are  they  grouped;  and 
while  the  objects  in  one  grave  may  lie  northeast  and  southwest,  in  another 
grave  they  may  lie  east  and  west,  or  northwest  and  southeast. 

Whether  some  of  the  tools  were  detached  from  their  original  handles 
when  buried,  cannot  be  determined  positively,  but  it  is  the  general  opinion 
that  when-  the  objects  are  bunched  together,  they  were  already  detached 
from  the  handles  when  so  placed,  but  that  where  objects  are  five  to  fifteen 
centimeters  apart,  they  were  buried  in  their  original  haf tings. 

In  some  of  the  deeper  graves  large  stones  had  been  placed  beside  the 
interment  or  over  it.  See  fig.  23.  Frequently  objects  were  placed  at  the  base 
of  a  large  stone,  but  the  upper  portion  of  these  stones  do  not  appear  to  have 
been  discolored  by  the  ocher.  From  the  fact  that  only  the  side  of  the  stone 
next  the  implements  presented  a  red  appearance,  we  would  infer  that  the 
stones  were  placed  beside  the  grave,  or  that  the  large  stones  found  in  the 
ground  by  the  aborigines  when  they  were  digging  a  grave,  were  left  there 
and  the  interment  was  placed  at  the  side  of  the  obstruction.  No  such  stones 
were  in  the  Hartford  cemetery. 

A  field  note  on  grave  64  is  here  inserted. 

"This  was  a  cache  rather  than  a  grave,  twenty -one  celts  and 
gouges  occurring  in  one  confused  pile.  Two  gouges  lying  about  45 
cm.  west  were  counted  as  belonging  to  this  cache.  Contents:  Four 
gouges  somewhat  small,  with  narrow  cutting  edges,  but  widened  at 
the  middles.  Five  large  gouges  of  the  broad-edged  type,  all  but  one 
with  bits  so  broken  as  to  be  useless;  the  bit  of  one  seems  to  show 
distinct  signs  of  alteration.  Ten  celts  of  varying  sizes,  but  all  of  the 
same  type  except  one,  and  that  one,  heavy  and  thick.  These  celts 
are  all  utility  tools.  Most  of  the  edges  are  in  fit  condition,  but  three 
are  chipped  and  worn.  In  the  case  of  the  gouges,  it  would  seem 
that  the  broken-pointed  broad  ones  had  been  brought  together 
to  be  re-sharpened,  the  process  necessarily  producing  a  narrow- 


PLAN     IT 


A.  EMEffSON     BURIAL    PLACE 

B.  MASON   BURIAL    PLACE 

C    S 


ALAMOOSOOK 

LAKE 
ORLAND      MAINE 

SURVCVED      AND     DRAWN 

B   Y 

E  .O.S  U  G  0  E  N 
19  I  I 


42 

bitted  gouge,  though  not  affecting  the  size  of  the  body.  With  the 
celts  it  would  appear  to  be  the  same  —  the  edges  are  either  chipped 
and  dull  or  smooth  and  sharp.  The  bits  of  the  re-sharpened  ones 
are  not  narrower  than  the  dull  ones,  as  the  process  did  not  affect 
the  width,  any  more  than  sharpening  an  axe  lessens  the  width. 
It  would  appear,  therefore,  that  this  was  a  cache  of  tools  in  the  pro- 
cess of  re-sharpening." 
This  grave  is  shown  in  fig.  21. 

THE  MASON  CEMETERY 

On  the  southeast  side  of  Lake  Alamoosook  is  a  low  stretch  of  land 
owned  by  Messrs.  Tom  and  Augustus  Mason,  who  reside  in  East  Orland. 
The  shores  of  the  lake  for  a  certain  distance  from  the  edge  are  controlled  by 
Mr.  William  Shaw  of  Greenville,  who  owns  the  water  rights.  Both  the 
Messrs.  Mason  and  Mr.  Shaw  gave  us  permission  to  dig  on  their  land,  and 
we  examined  various  places  about  this  end  of  the  lake  but  discovered  noth- 
ing of  importance  until  on  the  Mason  land,  about  a  hundred  meters  back 
from  the  shore  at  the  point  marked  B  on  plan  III,  we  found  a  large  cemetery 
more  or  less  disturbed.  The  owners  and  Mr.  George  F.  Johnson  of  Boston 
had  dug  on  this  site  many  years  before,  and  as,  the  place  is  overgrown  with 
bushes  and  has  never  been  plowed,  it  is  easy  to  trace  this  former  digging. 
About  thirty  pits  seem  to  have  been  put  down  in  past  years. 

Since  this  report  was  written,  I  visited  Mr.  Johnson  at  his  home  in 
Boston  and  inspected  his  collection.  He  has  some  85  or  90  gouges,  plummets 
and  adze  blades  all  from  the  Mason  site.  They  are  of  the  long,  slender 
forms  such  as  we  found. 

After  inspection  of  Mason's  land,  we  observed  that  the  pits  sunk  by 
Mr.  Johnson  lay,  for  the  most  part,  along  a  little  sand  ridge,  not  more  than  a 
meter  above  the  level  of  the  lake,  which  runs  from  the  edge  of  the  water 
parallel  with  the  present  outlet  of  Toddy  Pond,  and  has  an  old  lumber  road 
running  along  its  top.  We  supposed  that  the  road  was  in  use  at  the  time  of 
the  former  excavations,  as  the  pits  were  not  dug  in  the  road. 

We  carried  a  long  trench  for  a  distance  of  twenty  meters  southeast, 
following  the  road  from  a  point  on  top  of  this  ridge,  and  opened  several 
graves.  We  then  extended  the  trench  for  about  forty  meters  to  the  right  or 
west,  and  opened  more  graves,  making  a  total  of  twenty-eight.  A  few  of 
those  near  the  surface  appeared  to  have  been  disturbed,  but  many  were 
found  in  their  original  condition.  Little  red  ocher  was  found  with  the  bur- 
ials for  the  reason  that  at  high  water  seepage  is  considerable,  and  even  at  the 
ordinary  stage  of  water,  the  implements  in  the  deeper  graves  lie  several 
cm.  below  the  water  line.  If  we  dug  deeper  than  one  meter,  the  water  en- 
tered our  pits,  and  interfered  with  further  explorations.  From  indications 
we  assume  that  the  cemetery  extends  to  the  north  along  the  sand  ridge  and 


RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES  43 

that  many  graves  are  now  covered  with  water.  Indeed  the  Mason  brothers 
told  me  that  previous  to  the  building  of  the  dam  at  the  outlet,  the  ceme- 
tery on  their  property  extended  along  the  sand  knoll  at  least  one  hundred 
meters  further  toward  the  northwest.  Some  of  this  space  is  now  covered 
with  water  a  meter  in  depth,  and  it  would  be  impossible  to  examine  the 
graves.  About  eighty  meters  out  from  the  present  shore  line,  at  a  spot  where 
there  is  now  half  a  meter  of  water,  when  the  elder  Mr.  Mason  was  a  boy,  an 
Indian  skeleton  was  discovered,  wrapped  in  birch  bark  and  buried  in  the 
sand.  With  this  skeleton  was  a  buckskin  bag  filled  with  large  leaden  slugs, 
and  a  number  of  other  articles.  This  was  of  course  a  burial  of  the  early  his- 
toric period. 

To  complete  our  investigation  it  would  be  necessary  to  have  the  water 
in  the  lake  lowered  a  meter  or  more  for  a  few  days,  and  we  got  permission 
from  the  owner  of  the  water  rights  to  have  this  done,  but  the  plan  was  not 
carried  out  because  of  opposition  from  two  owners  of  shore-property.*  One 
of  these  men  caused  us  some  trouble.  He  was  one  of  the  few  men  in  all 
our  years  of  research  who  deliberately  blocked  our  investigations. 

We  examined  the  ground  for  some  distance  south,  or  back  from  the 
lake,  on  the  Mason  land.  There  appears  to  be  an  extensive  village  site 
here,  extending  to  the  foot  of  some  low  hills  three  hundred  meters  distant. 
Bushes  and  grass  cover  the  surface,  and  although  a  number  of  pits  were  put 
down,  the  place  was  not  examined  thoroughly.  We  observed  that  quanti- 
ties of  flint  chips  and  rejects  of  the  usual  character  and  of  Kineo  material 
predominated.  This  was  a  village  of  the  usual  type,  and  did  not  have  any 
of  the  peculiar  kind  of  artifacts  that  are  found  in  the  Red  Paint  graves. 

As  in  the  case  of  the  Hartford  and  Emerson  sites,  the  graves  at  Mason's 
are  placed  close  together,  as  one  would  naturally  suppose  that  Indians  would 
bury.  On  our  plan  they  do  not  appear  to  be  near  to  each  other,  but  that  is 
because  those  opened  in  former  years  by  Mr.  Johnson  are  not  shown.  They 
range  in  depth  from  forty  centimeters  to  one  meter. 

On  opening  the  graves  we  observed  that  the  sand  was  discolored  by 
ocher  but  because  of  the  presence  of  water  the  paint  was  washed  out  and  it 
was  impossible  to  save  it  in  any  quantity.  No  large  stones  were  discovered 
as  at  Emerson's,  and  the  outlines  of  the  graves  could  not  be  traced.  The 
sand  was  yellow  and  very  pure,  containing  only  such  stones  as  the  Indians 
had  placed  in  the  graves. 

The  implements  themselves  did  not  differ  from  those  of  the  Hartford 
and  Emerson  sites  save  that  there  were  more  plummets  than  either  gouges  or 
celts.  Only  one  or  two  large  chipped  objects  were  found.  Slate  spear  points 
were  rare  and  no  slate  arrow-heads  were  found.  One  or  two  flat,  ornamental 


*It  is  to  be  hoped  that  conditions  may  be  more  favorable  at  some  future  time.  No  damage  would  be 
done  to  property,  for  the  brook  tributary  to  Dead  river  and  the  canal  from  Toddy  pond  would  furnish 
water  enough  to  restore  the  present  level  of  the  lake  in  four  or  five  days. 


46 

stones  were  taken  out,  but  ornaments  were  not  common.  There  was  one  re- 
markable winged  problematical  form  (lower  object  in  fig.  27)  worked  out 
gracefully  from  black  slate.  I  have  seldom  seen  a  finer  specimen.  Fewer 
of  the  thin  hatchet-like  blades  occurred  at  Mason's,  and  they  were  short 
and  slender,  or  chisel-shaped,  while  those  at  Emerson's  were  compara- 
tively thick. 

The  gouges  from  Mason's  cemetery  were  long  and  slender,  com- 
pared with  those  from  Emerson's  or  Hartford's,  and  did  not  appear  to  have 
been  actually  in  use.  Few  of  them  had  the  battered  top  that  would  be  caused 
by  driving  into  wood,  and  the  edges  did  not  appear  scratched  or  worn  but 
were  delicately  sharpened,  with  grooves  very  well  defined.  This  peculiarity 
was  noticed  by  my  assistant,  Mr.  Francis  A.  Manning,  who  studied  the  goug- 
es as  they  were  removed  from  the  graves  in  each  of  the  cemeteries.  He  said 
that  the  Mason  gouges  were  sharper  and  thinner  and  two  or  three  of  them 
exhibited  very  long  slender  grooves.  He  writes  in  the  field  notes : 

"From  the  view  point  of  practical  carpenters,  this  extent  of 
groove  was  not  only  of  no  use,  but  even  weakened  the  cutting  end. 
In  a  way  it  might  have  facilitated  re-sharpening,  but  an  examina- 
tion of  the  bit  makes  it  hard  to  believe  that  it  was  ever  used  in 
work.  The  thought  suggests  itself  that  these  finer  gouges  may 
have  been  made  expressly  as  offerings  to  the  dead." 

Typical  specimens  of  gouges  from  the  three  cemeteries  are  shown  side 
by  side  in  fig.  20,  in  half  size. 

Three  interesting  and  unusual  graves  were  found  extending  below  the 
water  level,  and  it  was  only  with  great  difficulty  that  they  could  be  care- 
fully examined.  It  is  my  opinion  that  they  all  represent  intrusive  burials  of 
later  Indians.  They  are  marked  116,  117  and  133  on  plan  V.  At  a  depth  of 
about  seventy  centimeters  in  each  of  them,  there  was  a  layer  of  charcoal 
twelve  to  fifteen  centimeters  thick,  composed  of  sticks  from  one  to  six  centi- 
meters in  thickness,  which  had  been  completely  burned.  On  this  hard  layer 
in  each  grave  we  suppose  a  human  body  had  been  placed,  as  we  found  part  of 
a  human  femur  in  grave  133  and  traces  of  bone  in  grave  117.  Grave  117 
was  found  first,  lying  above  a  hard  bed  of  burnt  sand  about  two  meters  in 
length.  It  contained  a  cylinder  of  dark  sandstone  with  a  large  opening  at 
one  end  and  a  smaller  one  at  the  other,  also  fragments  of  buckskin  and  birch 
bark,  some  minute  copper  beads,  and  what  appeared  to  be  decayed  bone 
covered  with  traces  of  copper.  There  were  also  minute  scales  of  red  paint 
apparently  different  from  our  ordinary  ocher,  and  great  quantities  of  char- 
coal. 

In  grave  116  there  was  some  decayed  buckskin  and  a  few  copper  beads, 
together  with  a  mass  of  coal-black  earth.  Evidently  this  black  mass  is  the 
result  of  decay  of  some  unknown  substance,  whether  hides  or  fiber,  or  coarse 


FIG.  14.     The  trench  begun  at  Emerson's. 


RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES  49 

cloth,  I  am  unable  to  state.  In  this  grave  occurred  a  cylinder  of  reddish 
sandstone  about  sixteen  centimeters  in  length,  which  is  shown  in  fig.  30. 
There  was  also  a  large,  fine  knife  of  black  flint,  a  material  foreign  to  Maine,  so 
far  as  I  can  judge.  This  is  about  thirteen  centimeters  in  length.  Associated 
with  these  objects  were  two  rough  pebbles  which,  but  for  their  being  in  the 
grave,  one  would  not  suppose  to  have  been  used  by  primitive  man.  There 
were  traces  of  decayed  bones  embedded  in  the  black  mass,  also  a  few  scales 
of  some  grayish  substance.  A  few  bits  of  brilliant  red  pigment  were  taken 
out,  which  was  not  the  red  paint  common  in  other  graves,  but  a  different 
substance.  The  copper  beads  number  possibly  thirty  or  forty,  and  there 
were  some  minute  fragments  or  scales  of  oxidized  copper.  It  is  quite  prob- 
able that  a  greater  number  of  beads  were  placed  with  the  interment  than  we 
discovered.  Some  buckskin,  badly  decayed,  was  taken  out. 

These  two  graves  contained  no  objects  of  the  Red  Paint  People  type, 
and  no  deposits  of  powdered  hematite.  Although  the  ground  was  very  care- 
fully searched  for  some  distance  about  these  graves,  and  the  muck  and  de- 
cayed charcoal  was  sorted  over  by  hand,  nothing  more  was  discovered 
here. 

On  the  last  two  days  that  we  wrorked  at  Mason's  we  employed  a  force  of 
thirteen  men,  but  were  unable  to  find  graves  in  the  large  space  noted  on  the 
plan  between  graves  121  and  122,  and  119  and  128.  For  a  distance  of  three 
by  eight  meters  the  ground  had  been  almost  completely  dug  out  by  Mr. 
Johnson,  many  years  before.  There  was  one  undisturbed  spot  in  the  cen- 
ter, however,  when  the  men  abandoned  work  in  this  area  and  continued  ex- 
plorations elsewhere.  My  son,  Singleton  Moorehead,  was  interested  in  our 
work,  and  although  at  that  time  quite  young  he  dug  industriously  and  spent 
most  of  the  day  in  sinking  a  pit.  Presently  he  announced  that  he  had  dis- 
covered a  thick  layer  of  charcoal,  and  I  sent  two  laborers  to  assist 
him. 

Just  above  the  water  line,  something  more  than  a  meter  below  the  sur- 
face, was  an  unusually  heavy  layer  of  charcoal,  extending  horizontally  at 
least  two  meters  in  all  directions.  Wood  had  been  burned  on  the  spot,  as  the 
sand  beneath  was  baked  quite  hard.  A  human  body  had  been  laid  on  the 
charcoal,  and  of  the  skeleton  we  secured  a  fragment  of  femur  nearly  twenty 
centimeters  in  length.  There  were  traces  of  other  bones,  but  none  of  them 
could  be  removed  save  in  fragments.  A  large  quantity  of  buckskin  accompa- 
nied this  interment  and  pieces  eight  to  fifteen  centimeters  in  diameter  were 
secured.  With  the  buckskin  forty  or  fifty  small  copper  beads,  five  to  ten 
millimeters  in  diameter  and  all  very  badly  corroded,  were  removed.  As  in 
the  case  of  graves  116  and  117  we  shoveled  out  great  quantities  of  muck, 
sand,  charcoal  and  mud,  and  spent  hours  in  working  over  the  material,  but 
were  unable  to  discover  any  implements. 


50  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 


PASSADUMKEAG.     AUGUST,  1912 

At  the  town  of  Passadumkeag,  about  forty  kilometers  above  Bangor, 
the  stream  of  the  same  name  enters  the  Penobscot  from  the  east,  and  at 
this  point,  so  the  river  men  say,  the  river  is  as  wide  as  at  any  point  above 
Oldtown.  That  the  place  was  inhabited  by  Indians  in  historic  times  is 
well  known.  There  are  numerous  indications  of  this  occupation  about  the 
village. 

Down  stream  on  the  west  bank  about  two  kilometers  below  the  town 
there  was  a  large  camping  place,  where  much  pottery  and  many  chipped 
stone  implements  have  been  discovered.  This  site  may  or  may  not  have 
been  of  Algonkian  culture;  we  did  not  examine  it  thoroughly,  but  confined 
our  exploration  to  cultures  manifestly  belonging  to  the  Red  Paint  People. 

A  number  of  graves  had  been  opened  in  former  times  on  the  flat  occu- 
pied by  the  village  of  Passadumkeag,  and  the  people  told  us  that  red  paint 
and  specimens  were  often  found  there,  but  we  were  unable  to  discover  any 
cemetery,  although  we  dug  in  a  number  of  places  in  gardens  and  fields. 

HATHAWAY'S   CEMETERY 

Four  kilometers  up  the  Passadumkeag  on  the  left  bank  is  the  farm  of 
Mr.  S.  H.  Hathaway.  His  home  is  situated  on  a  beautiful  knoll  twenty  me- 
ters above  the  river  and  commands  a  view  of  the  surrounding  county.  To 
the  east  and  northeast  is  an  immense  tract  of  low  land,  almost  a  swamp, 
which  was  in  early  days  a  great  resort  for  moose.  The  guides  Alonzo  Spearin 
and  George  McCain,  who  were  familiar  with  this  region  fifty  years  ago,  said 
that  some  of  the  best  hunting  in  the  State  of  Maine,  years  ago,  was  to  be  had 
on  Passadumkeag  stream. 

About  thirty  meters  south  of  Mr.  Hathaway's  residence,  just  above  the 
slope  of  the  hill  toward  the  river,  we  found  an  interesting  cemetery  of  the 
Red  Paint  People.  It  occupied  a  space  fifteen  meters  square  with  one  grave 
eleven  meters  farther  south,  as  shown  on  plan  VI.  There  were  no  burials, 
so  far  as  we  could  ascertain,  on  any  other  portion  of  the  Hathaway  farm. 
We  dug  extensively  but  found  nothing. 

Except  for  surface  plowing  sufficient  for  planting  a  garden,  the  ground 
of  the  cemetery  was  in  its  original  condition,  hence  we  were  able  to  carry  out 
a  proper  research.  We  examined  a  total  of  seventeen  graves,  all  but  one  or 
two  of  them  being  within  the  fifteen-meter  square,  and  we  removed  some- 
thing like  ninety  objects.  These  were  larger  than  the  objects  found  about 
Lake  Alamoosook  and  at  Orland  and  the  average  number  in  a  grave  was 
considerably  higher,  this  being  additional  indication  that  the  graves  had  not 
been  disturbed.  The  largest  grave  contained  eighteen  objects,  one  of  which 


FIG.  16.     To  the  left,  front  and  side  view  of  long  gouge  from  Hartford's  site.    To  the  right,  front  and 
side  view  of  gouge  from  Hathaway's.    Size  1-3. 


FIG.  17.     To  left,  gouge  from  Hathaway's  site.  The  narrow  edge  or  bit  and  flaring  center  are  charac- 
teristic of  Red  Paint  People  gouges.    S.  1-2. 

To  right.  Gouge  from  Hartford's  cemetery.  The  convex  cutting  edge  is  referred  to  on  page  107.  S.  1-2. 


RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES 


53 


Flu.  18.     Cross  section  of  two  graves  in  the  gravel  pit  north  of  Hartford's. 

was  presented  to  Mr.  Hathaway.  Of  the  entire  number  of  specimens  found, 
five  or  six  were  given  to  him,  and  he  promised  to  preserve  them  carefully. 

The  soil  in  which  the  burials  were  made  was  a  mixture  of  sand  and  gra- 
vel. The  red  paint  was  found  in  greater  quantities  here  than  at  the  other 
sites,  and  it  was  much  brighter.  The  entire  space  occupied  by  the  graves 
was  plainly  discolored,  about  half  a  meter  below  the  surface,  by  this  great 
bed  of  ocher.  Originally  the  amount  placed  in  this  cemetery  must  have 
been  at  least  five  or  six  bushels.  We  boxed  and  shipped  to  Andover  upwards 
of  a  bushel  of  the  bright  pigment. 

This  cemetery  differed  from  the  others  in  having  the  graves  practically 
all  on  one  level.  It  is  possible  that  one  general  pit  was  excavated  and  a 
heavy  layer  of  the  powdered  hematite  or  ocher  spread  upon  the  floor  and 
then  the  bodies  laid  side  by  side  upon  this  layer,  with  the  implements  placed 
either  at  the  head  or  the  foot  or  upon  the  body  in  each  case.  To  account 
for  so  many  burials  being  made  at  one  time,  it  is  suggested  that  in  northern 
Maine  the  frost  penetrates  the  ground  in  winter  to  a  depth  of  one  or  two 
meters,  according  to  the  severity  of  the  season,  and  in  a  large  camp  there 
might  be  many  deaths  in  a  winter  when  it  was  impossible  for  the  Indians  to 
dig  graves  because  of  the  frozen  ground;  hence  the  bodies  would  be  kept  until 
spring  and  then  interred  with  due  ceremony  in  a  common  grave. 

The  same  lack  of  uniformity  in  the  placing  of  the  objects  was  noticed 
here  as  in  the  other  cemeteries.  Except  in  grave  143,  where  the  eighteen 
objects  were  found  lying  in  a  mass  and  close  together,  we  may  assume  that 
most  of  the  implements  were  interred  in  their  original  handles  or  fastenings; 
but  these  eighteen  specimens  must  have  been  buried  as  unmounted 
blades,  for  they  could  not  have  been  placed  so  compactly  had  they  been  in 
handles.  Why  this  was  done,  we  do  not  know.  The  graves  themselves  are 


54  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

not  very  near  together,  and  if  each  grave  represents  one  human  burial,  there 
was  space  enough  without  crowding  the  interments.  In  some  cemeteries 
groups  of  graves  are  placed  so  close  together  that  observers  have  questioned 
whether  they  were  graves  and  suggested  that  they  were  rather  deposits  of 
offerings. 

Most  of  the  implements  ranged  from  twenty  to  thirty  centimeters  in 
length.  The  gouges  were  not  only  finely  made,  but  most  of  them  were  of 
considerable  size.  None  were  found  as  long  as  the  two  longest  discovered  in 
the  Hartford  cemetery,  but  the  average  exceeded  those  from  other  sites. 
The  plummets  were  especially  well  made,  no  rough  ones  occurring  in  the  de- 
posit. 

Beside  several  of  the  winged  stones  or  bipennate  problematical  forms, 
there  were  buried  along  with  the  tools  curious  oval  problematical  forms  such 
as  are  shown  in  fig.  35.  Sometimes  two  or  more  were  found  in  a  grave.  In- 
cluding the  broken  ones  we  found,  I  should  judge,  fourteen  or  fifteen  of 
them  at  Hathaway's  site.  They  are  all  perforated  and  most  of  the  holes 
show  traces  of  wear,  plainly  indicating  that  thongs  were  passed  through 
them.  The  largest  of  these  objects  shown  in  fig.  35  is  forty-three  centimeters 
in  length,  and  others  range  from  twenty  to  thirty-five  centimeters.  The 
weight  varies  from  six  or  seven  ounces  to  a  pound  and  a  half.  They  are  too 
slender  to  have  served  as  weapons,  too  delicate  to  be  considered  pestles  or 
grinding  stones;  their  edges  are  not  sharp,  and  they  would  be  of  no  use  as 
cutting  tools.  They  may  be  classed  provisionally  as  pendants  or  ornaments, 
though  their  weight  and  size  seem  to  preclude  the  possibility  of  actual  use 
as  such.  Just  what  they  are  and  what  purpose  they  served  must  remain, 
for  the  present  at  least,  one  of  our  archaeological  problems. 

With  the  deposits  were  the  usual  fire  stones,  the  small  pebbles  or  "lucky 
stones,"  and  frequently  a  larger  smooth  stone  which  may  have  been  used 
for  grinding  paint,  or  for  some  other  purpose.  From  the  presence  of  these 
larger  stones  at  both  the  Emerson  and  the  Hathaway  site,  one  might  infer 
that  the  small  pebbles  which  we  frequently  found  were  not  paint  grinders. 
As  several  of  them  are  of  bright  red  or  bright  yellow  material,  and  as  they 
do  not  appear  different  in  general  from  the  ordinary  small  pebbles  found  on 
the  shores  of  the  lake,  it  seems  to  me  probable  that  they  were  selected  be- 
cause of  their  color.* 

*  See  p.  26. 


if 


54 


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FIG.  19     Four  gouges;  50677,  gouge  from  Mason's;  .50301,  gouge  from  Hartford's;  52435,  adze  from 
Surrey,  Maine  (not  Red  Paint  type) ;  adze  from  Haskell's.    S.  2-5. 


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FIG.  28.     The  fragment  of  human  femur  and  the  two  cylinders  from  graves  116  and  117  at  Mason's. 
S.  about  1-1. 


FIG.  29.    The  outcrop  of  powdered  hematite  and  iron  nodules,  Katahdin  Iron  Works.    A  mass  of  soft 
hematite  is  in  the  depression  in  the  foreground. 


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RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES          67 

There  were  no  effigies  in  these  graves,  and  not  a  trace  of  buckskin,  of 
human  bone,  of  copper,  or  of  anything  else  was  discovered  other  than  the 
gouges,  plummets,  celts,  and  these  stones  and  stone  objects  of  the  prob- 
lematical class. 

As  in  the  case  of  the  other  cemeteries,  Hathaway's  was  carefully  staked 
off  and  numerous  measurements  were  made  in  the  course  of  our  work.  While 
it  is  well  to  record  all  this,  and  I  have  done  so,  yet  the  measurements  them- 
selves contribute  little  of  value  to  our  sum  of  knowledge.  The  essential 
thing  is,  that  these  burials  were  made  in  unknown  times  of  high  antiquity 
and  by  a  peculiar  people.  Why  such  quantities  of  ocher  were  placed  in 
every  grave,  passes  understanding.  It  seems  to  me  that  to  the  mind  of  the 
aborigines  this  ocher  was  more  than  mere  paint.  If  it  were  considered  as 
paint  and  nothing  else,  far  smaller  quantities  would  have  sufficed.  Possibly 
we  have,  in  the  presence  of  these  bushels  of  powdered  hematite,  evidence  of 
some  unknown  ceremony  or  custom.  Whether  future  explorations  will  en- 
able us  to  determine  the  character  of  this  ceremony,  is  extremely  doubtful. 
The  field  notes  of  one  of  the  larger  graves  are  as  follows : 

"Grave  143.  Fig.  32.  The  objects  in  this  grave  were  remark- 
ably closely  packed  -  -  all  touching  one  another  in  fact,  and  paral- 
lel. A  very  large  quantity  of  pyrites  powder  was  left  at  east  edge  of 
group.  Several  of  the  objects  were  very  badly  disintegrated  and  de- 
cayed by  contact  with  the  pyrites. 

"Order,  from  top  down:  Club,  36  cni.,  lay  eas.t-and-west  at 
north  edge  of  group.  Pendant,  30  cm.,  was  just  south,  parallel,  and 
with  perforated  end  to  east;  perforated  and  corroded  by  pyrites. 
Large  gouge,  22.4  cm.,  bit  to  west  under  perforated  end  of  pendant; 
small  end  eaten  by  pyrites.  Decayed  triangular  celt,  14.6  cm.,  near 
east  limits,  bit  to  west.  Large  celt,  south  of  others,  bit  west;  this 
was  utterly  crumbling.  Slender  gouge,  25.2  cm.  under  this,  bit 
west,  groove  down.  Another  gouge,  bit  east  and  groove-side  down ; 
eaten.  Gouge  with  squared  edges  next.  Large  pebble  to  west  of 
group.  Celt  next,  near  west  limits.  Slate  pendant  under  this,  24.6 
cm.  long,  lying  flat,  with  perforated  end  to  east;  this  pendant  had 
round  and  oblong  nicks  or  dents  on  both  surfaces,  almost  as  if  in 
imitation  of  fish  scales.  One  utterly  decayed  stone  object.  Also 
one  hammer  stone  and  a  smooth  pebble.  There  was  abundant 
ocher.  The  top  of  the  mass  of  objects  was  about  38.6  cm.  from  the 
surface." 

BLUE  HILL — HASKELL'S  CEMETERY.     1913 

There  were  no  more  Red  Paint  People's  cemeteries  opened  in  1912-13. 
On  June  26,  1913,  we  went  from  Toddy  Pond  to  see  Mr.  Coburn  Haskell 
of  Blue  Hill,  who  was  building  a  cottage  on  a  narrow  neck  of  land  in 


FIG.  35.     The  long,  perforated  objects  from  Hathaway's.    S.  about  2-7. 


74 

that  town,  known  as  Parker's  Point.  Graves  had  been  discovered  there 
during  the  digging  for  the  foundation  of  the  house,  sometime  early  in  May, 
and  Mr.  Sugden  and  Mr.  Hutchings  had  been  sent  over  there  soon  after  the 
discovery  and  had  received  permission  from  Mr.  Haskell's  architect  to  carry 
on  explorations.  Mr.  Sugden's  party  and  ours  took  out  some  forty  graves, 
but  the  conditions  were  such  that  no  very  satisfactory  researches  were  pos- 
sible, and  in  this  brief  report  no  map  is  presented,  for  the  reason  that  the 
work  was  hurried  and  much  interrupted.  Indeed,  after  two  days'  explora- 
tion, Mr.  Haskell  requested  me  to  cease  work  altogether. 

The  cemetery  lay  well  toward  the  end  of  the  point  and  was  about  eight 
meters  above  high  tide.  There  was  a  large  spring  of  fine  water  just  under 
the  bank  near  the  graves.  All  the  burials  were  in  fine  white  sand  with  no 
gravels  and  no  boulders.  In  this  respect  the  cemetery  seems  unique.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  interesting  of  the  nineteen  Red  Paint  cemeteries  discovered 
since  Dr.  Hamlin  reported  the  first  one  in  the  early  eighties,  although  with 
the  exception  of  the  cemetery  at  Hart's  Falls,  near  Warren,  Maine,  no  other 
has  suffered  greater  destruction. 

There  were  at  least  one  hundred  and  fifty  and  possibly  two  hundred 
graves  or  interments  on  the  estate,  but  all  of  them  except  the  forty  which  we 
examined  were  dug  up  by  the  local  people,  or  possibly  employees  of  Mr. 
Haskell,  who  worked  there  during  the  evenings  and  Sundays  until  the  place 
was  thoroughly  ransacked,  and  the  objects  found  were  taken  to  their  homes 
in  the  vicinity.  Mr.  Haskell  himself  had  two  large  boxes  filled  with  various 
implements,  including  some  of  the  delicate  slate  spears  and  daggers.  It  is 
impossible  to  determine  the  number  of  effigies  and  crescents,  slate  spears 
and  other  objects  of  high  finish  and  unusual  form,  discovered  by  the  work- 
men. Counting  the  objects  we  have  and  estimating  those  in  the  possession 
of  Mr.  Haskell  and  the  workmen-,  it  is  safe  to  assume  that  the  graves  origi- 
nally contained  at  least  six  hundred  and  possibly  seven  hundred  artifacts. 

As  the  work  was  in  the  interest  of  science  and  the  Haskell  cemetery  was 
very  important,  I  felt  it  my  duty  to  secure  from  the  workmen  as  many  of  the 
specimens  as  possible,  in  order  that  they  might  be  preserved  in  the  Phillips 
Academy  Museum,  although  under  different  circumstances  such  a  course 
would  not  have  been  followed.  The  workmen  stated  that  they  intended  to 
sell  these  objects,  and  we  therefore  visited  a  number  of  the  men  and  secured 
approximately  seventy  or  eighty  specimens.  Mr.  Walter  B.  Smith  of  Ban- 
gor  also  took  an  interest  in  saving  as  many  as  possible  of  the  objects  secured 
by  Mr.  Haskell's  workmen,  and  some  fine  specimens  in  his  collection  are 
from  this  site. 

Comparison  of  the  objects  from  the  Haskell  cemetery  with  those  found 
in  other  Red  Paint  cemeteries  shows  that  the  artifacts  from  this  site  are 
considerably  above  those  from  other  places  in  excellence  of  workmanship 


75 

and  in  fine  finish.    A  possible  exception  is  Hatha way's  cemetery  at  Passa- 
dumkeag,  but  there  we  found  none  of  the  slender  slate  spears  and  no  effigies. 

In  one  particular  the  Red  Paint  People  as  a  whole  surpassed  all  other 
tribes,  ancient  or  modern,  living  north  of  Mexico.  From  a  study  of  all  the 
material  from  their  graves  in  the  several  museums,  it  would  seem  that  this 
people  excelled  in  the  manufacture  of  stone  gouges.  While  some  of  the 
gouges  are  rough  or  crude,  others  present  a  symmetry  of  outline  that  is  ex- 
ceedingly graceful,  and  many  have  edges  ground  as  sharp  as  stone  can  be 
worked. 

In  this  art  the  natives  were  very  expert,  but  their  artistic  sense  was  not 
developed  and  their  stone  effigies  are  very  crude.  Among  those  found  at 
Haskell's  was  an  effigy  of  a  bear  (fig.  37)  and  several  small  objects  one  of 
which  may  represent  a  duck  (fig.  39),  and  another  a  quadruped.  The  plum- 
mets were  also  sometimes  ornamented  or  fashioned  as  effigies. 

In  fig.  39  there  is  a  whale  plummet  found  at  Hartford's;  next  is  a  por- 
poise effigy  plummet  at  the  top  from  Emerson's;  below  the  duck  effigy  re- 
ferred to,  from  Haskell's,  and  next  a  remarkable  little  porpoise  effigy  of  red 
sandstone  from  Hart's  Falls  cemetery,  St.  Georges  river.  In  the  lower  cor- 
ner, to  the  left,  is  an  effigy  (probably  a  bear)  from  Haskell's,  and  a  flat  per- 
forated stone  in  the  right  hand  corner  from  Haskell's.  If  the  plate  is  turned 
to  the  right,  the  object  appears  not  unlike  the  head  of  a  codfish. 

The  Red  Paint  People  seem  to  have  prized  slate  spears  highly.  Many  of 
them  have  been  found,  not  only  at  Haskell's  but  in  other  cemeteries.  It 
is  rare  to  find  broken  gouges  or  adze  blades  in  the  ocher  deposits;  hence  the 
presence  of  broken  slate  spears  and  sometimes  of  fragments  of  these  objects 
not  more  than  six  or  seven  centimeters  in  length  indicates  that  even  the  bro- 
ken ones  were  valued.  See  fig.  38.  A  grave  containing  eight  of  the  slate 
points  was  fortunately  discovered  by  Mr.  Sugden  and  not  by  the  workmen, 
for  otherwise  these  fine  objects  would  have  been  scattered  and  many  of  them 
doubtless  lost.  See  fig.  40. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  very  fine  wide-bladed  adze  of  green  slate  and 
also  to  one  or  two  of  the  other  adze  blades  shown  in  figs.  41  and  42. 

The  paint  at  Haskell's  was  not  so  bright  as  at  Emerson's  and  the  other 
cemeteries.  This  was  probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  burials  were  in  fine 
sand,  and  as  it  was  easy  for  water  to  penetrate  to  the  deposits,  the  paint 
became  dissolved  and  disappeared. 

It  is  most  unfortunate  that  the  Haskell  cemetery  was  not  found  before 
the  building  of  the  residence  on  Parker's  Point,  as  in  that  case  it  would  have 
been  possible  to  record  all  of  the  deposits  properly.  I  insert  herewith  the 
field  notes  on  two  of  the  few  graves  concerning  which  complete  notes  could 
be  taken. 

"Grave  167.    Forty-five  cm.  down.    Considerable  quantity  of 

faint  ocher.    Contained  the  remains  of  five  long  slate  spear  heads, 


76  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

only  one  of  which  could  be  reconstructed  entire.  The  broken  sur- 
faces of  the  others  all  appear  ancient.  The  largest  head  when  whole 
had  a  length  of  about  25  cm.  They  are  all  of  the  usual  type- 
flatly  hexagonal  in  cross  section  near  the  stem,  diamond  shaped 
nearer  the  point.  The  spear-heads  lay  in  a  compact  cluster,  paral- 
lel, with  butts  down  and  points  up  at  a  steep  angle,  pointing  due 
north.  At  some  distance  occurred  two  very  rude  small  plummets 
and  an  oblong  pebble.  See  fig.  38. 

"  Grave  169.  Forty-five  cm.  from  surface.  A  celt,  18  cm.  long, 
with  badly  pitted  surface  and  showing  contact  with  pyrites  near 
base,  lay  in  the  center  of  the  group  of  objects.  It  lay  nearly  flat, 
bit  due  north.  Apparently  unfinished  plummet,  11.5  cm.  long,  lay 
due  east,  larger  end  even  with  butt  of  celt.  Rude  chipped  point,  10 
cm.,  lay  2.5  cm.  southeast  of  celt  butt,  pointing  northwest.  Gouge, 
17  cm.  long,  in  contact  with  pyrites,  lay  20°  east  of  north  from  celt, 
partly  on  edge,  groove  facing  northeast.  Plummet,  7  cm.  long, 
partly  under  finely  chipped  point  of  red  flint,  10.7  cm.  long,  partly 
on  edge,  with  point  southwest  and  under  the  celt,  2.5  cm.  in  from 
the  butt.  Remains  of  gouge,  now  11.6  cm.  long,  of  unusual  shape, 
with  bit  end  entirely  eaten  away,  lay  under  celt,  15°  east  of  south, 
groove  down  and  bit  end  southeast.  Remains  of  pyrites  just  off 
bit  of  this  second  gouge.  Just  beyond  this  lay  a  plummet,  nearly 
spherical  and  badly  corroded.  An  "iron  stone"  lay  just  east,  in 
contact.  Two  plummets,  one  7.3  cm.  long,  lay  14  cm.  off  bit  of  celt 
and  directly  in  line,  knob  5°  west  of  north." 

SULLIVAN  FALLS  CEMETERY.     1913 

After  our  survey  of  Toddy  Pond  and  the  excavation  of  Haskell's  ceme 
tery  on  Parker's  Point,  Blue  Hill,  we  moved  on  July  3,  1913,  to  Hancock 
Point,  on  Frenchman's  Bay,  opposite  Bar  Harbor,  and  took  up  quarters  in  a 
cottage  near  one  or  two  shell  heaps. 

On  July  5,  the  whole  force  went  to  Sullivan  Falls,  distant  about  two 
kilometers  from  the  cottage,  to  examine  a  cemetery  there.  It  lay  at  the 
southeast  end  of  a  long  gravel  knoll,  or  ridge,  apparently  of  glacial  origin, 
which  slopes  up  gently  from  an  arm  of  the  sea  until  it  reaches  a  height  of 
twenty  or  twenty -five  meters. 

About  thirty  years  ago  the  Maine  Central  Railroad  built  a  spur  rail- 
road to  the  steamboat  landing  here,  and  during  the  deepening  of  a  cut  in 
order  to  lay  the  tracks  graves  were  discovered  and  most  of  them  were  de- 
stroyed at  that  time.  Mr.  Milton  Stratton,  an  architect  of  Bar  Harbor,  was 
present  during  the  excavation  by  the  railroad  authorities,  and  he  informed 
me  that  a  great  many  fine  objects  were  then  taken  out  and  carried  away  by 
workmen  and  others.  He  mentioned  one  in  particular,  a  double  gouge  or 


FIG.  37.     The  bear  effigy  from  Haskell's  site     Size  1-2. 


Fio.  38.     Grave  167.    Group  of  broken  slate  spears.    Haskell's  Cemetery. 


FIG.  39.     Group  of  effigies  from  various  cemeteries.    S.  1-1. 


FIG.  40.     Drawing  of  the  position  of  the  eight  long  spears  found  in  Grave  163,  Haskell's  Cemetery. 

S.  about  3-8. 


FIG.  41.  Left,  50807,  fine  gouge  from  Hathaway's.  Middle,  face- and  back  of  the  gouge*adze  object 
50625  from  Emerson's.  Found  in  grave  1 00.  Right,  back  of  large  green  stone  blade  from  Haskell's.  The 
face  of  this  is  shown  in  the  second  object  from  the  left  in  Fig.  42.  Size  about  1-4. 


FIG.  42.  Group  of  objects  from  the  Haskell  and  Emerson  Cemeteries  illustrating  the  difference  of 
stone  objects.  Left  to  right:  gouge,  long  hatchet  blade,  adze  blade,  adze  blade,  gouge,  adze  (profile), 
slate  spear,  hoe  or  digging  tool.  S.  about  1-6. 


FIG.  43.     The  large  ash  pit  at  Sullivan  Falls. 


^  -1  *  * 

^    D    O    I 

0_      CO     O     a 

O     ° 
IJ-      Z 
O     < 

I 

Q. 


84  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

long  implement,  which  he  thought  must  have  been  at  least  fifty  centimeters 
in  length.  Near  the  blacksmith's  shop  there  was  a  large  tub,  and  the  stone 
tools  taken  from  the  graves  were  thrown  into  this.  He  said  that  once  or 
twice  he  noticed  the  receptacle  half  full  of  fine  gouges,  adze  blades,  spear 
heads,  etc.  A  few  of  these  objects  were  recovered  and  are  in  the  Peabody 
Museum  at  Harvard,  but  most  of  them  are  lost  forever.  In  this  respect 
the  site  resembles  that  at  Parker's  Point,  and  our  observations  could  not 
be  complete  for  similar  reasons. 

We  staked  off  the  ground  and  opened  about  twenty  graves,  the  ma- 
terial from  which  proved  to  be  somewhat  inferior  in  character  to  the  arti- 
facts found  in  other  Red  Paint  People  cemeteries.  Much  of  the  sand  and 
gravel  from  the  original  excavation  had  been  thrown  over  the  edge  of  the 
bank  at  Sullivan  Falls,  and  the  workmen  had  also  made  a  large  "fill"  in  or- 
der to  widen  the  road  over  a  narrow  neck  of  land.  Some  of  this  earth  remains 
there  at  the  present  time.  Five  men  were  put  to  work  with  shovels  on  the 
talus  at  these  two  places,  and  they  dug  out  four  or  five  adze  blades  and 
gouges  and  one  or  two  plummets  beside  considerable  red  paint. 

Mr.  Stratton  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  graves  were  originally  in  two 
long  parallel  rows,  and  the  twenty  or  more  which  we  opened  were  so  placed 
that  we  concluded  his  statement  to  be  correct.  Between  the  rows  we  found 
there  was  a  space  five  meters  in  width  in  which  no  graves  occurred,  and  to 
the  north  of  our  large  trench  we  found  no  graves  for  a  distance  of  twenty-two 
meters.  There  were  patches  of  ocher  here  and  there  probably  indicating 
that  graves  had  been  opened  by  persons  in  search  of  specimens,  and  a  num- 
ber of  ash  pits  were  discovered  which  Mr.  Manning  noted  on  his  field  map. 

We  worked  for  a  number  of  days  at  Sullivan  Falls  extending  the  trenches 
and  pits,  but  could  find  no  more  burials  or  deposits.  No  graves  were  found 
in  the  ash  pits  except  in  one  instance.  Of  this  the  notes  state:  "Grave  195 
was  48  cm.  down,  immediately  west  of  the  central  part  of  the  fire  pit. 
Pyrites  and  an  11  cm.  hatchet  blade  and  a  13  cm.  adze  blade  were  found. 
No  ocher  noted.  The  black  layer  at  the  base  of  the  fire  pit  was  10  cm.  below 
the  grave,  showing  that  the  fire  pit  was  made  earlier."  We  worked  out 
the  deposits  of  ashes  carefully,  but  no  flint  chips  or  signs  of  artifacts  of 
any  kind  were  to  be  observed.  The  purpose  of  the  pits  must  therefore  re- 
main unknown.  They  were  large  enough  to  have  served  for  the  storage  of 
corn  or  other  food,  but  we  have  never  in  any  other  place  found  such  caches 
filled  with  ashes. 

We  also  excavated  the  shell  heaps  at  Sullivan  Falls  carefully,  thinking 
to  obtain  information  upon  a  possible  connection  between  the  occupants  of 
the  shell  heap  villages  and  those  who  buried  in  the  cemetery  nearby;  but 
the  heaps  did  not  differ  from  others.  They  are  described  on  p.  156. 

Plan  VII  shows  the  situation  of  the  shell  heaps  and  the  cemetery,  but  we 


RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES  85 

present  no  detailed  plan  of  the  latter  because  it  had  been  so  much  disturbed 
that  few  deposits  of  objects  remained. 

The  following  extract  from  the  field  notes  gives  details  of  two  graves : 

"Grave  181.  30  cm.  down.  The  first  objects  encountered,  a 
celt  in  two  pieces  several  cm.  apart  and  a  smooth  pebble,  were 
separated  by  a  space  of  about  30  cm.  from  a  second  group  of  objects, 
closely  packed  and  at  the  same  level,  consisting  of  a  crescent  and 
two  other  pebbles.  The  crescent,  with  a  large  central  perforation, 
lay  on  end.  At  the  same  level  but  35  cm.  south  occurred  five  plum- 
mets. Two  large  and  unusually  well  wrought  ones  lay  with  axes  in 
a  straight  line  north  and  south,  the  northern  one  with  its  knobs 
north,  the  southern  one,  knob  south.  At  right  angles  and  5  cm. 
east  of  southern  one  lay  a  third  large  plummet,  with  knob  west. 
These  three  all  lay  flat.  In  the  angle  of  these  lay  a  small  flat  plum- 
met rudely  chipped  from  red  jasper,  perforated  instead  of  knobbed. 
It  was  nearly  on  end,  perforation  up.  Due  north  was  the  fifth 
plummet,  of  ordinary  type  but  smaller  than  the  first  three.  It  was 
on  end,  knob  up.  Another  small  plummet  found  in  this  grave  near 
the  crescent  group  was  remarkable  for  having  a  double  groove 
around  the  knob." 

"  Grave  183.  35  cm.  down.  The  objects  were  closely  grouped. 
A  gouge  17  cm.  long  with  about  1-4  or  1-3  of  its  length  broken 
sharply  off,  lay  groove  up,  north  west  by  south  east,  bit  north  west 
and  higher  than  butt.  Nearly  parallel  was  a  smaller  gouge-adze  14 
cm.  long,  distant  10  cm.  to  the  south  west,  bit  in  opposite  direction 
from  first  gouge.  A  deeply  notched  slate  point  9.5  cm.  long,  point 
north  west  and  flush  with  ends  of  gouges,  lay  between  these  two. 
A  grooved  pebble,  groove  down,  lay  a  few  cm.  southwest.  Much 
staining  of  soil  by  pyrites,  northeast  by  east  of  cluster,  distant  15 
cm.  A  very  remarkable  plummet  with  a  perforation  at  either  end 
and  with  four  rough  faces  having  longitudinal  rows  of  small, 
irregular  depressions,  lay  flat,  25  cm.  north  of  group.  A  small  gouge 
apparently  fragmentary,  and  a  small  perforated  pebble  lay  with 
first  group.  Under  these  objects  occurred  a  gouge  17  cm.  long,  with 
an  unusually  broad  and  very  finely  wrought  cutting  edge,  some- 
what worn.  It  was  much  caked  with  pyrites,  the  iron  having 
cemented  it  with  the  earth  and  pebbles.  There  also  occurred  under 
these  objects  two  very  large  masses  of  badly  disintegrated  pyrites, 
one  nearly  spherical  and  measuring  11  cm.  in  greatest  diameter. 
The  sand  and  stones  around  and  under  these  lumps  were  colored 
yellow  and  cemented  into  a  compact  mass  in  a  radius  of  15  to  20 
cm.  There  were  also  some  hammer  stones  and  pebbles." 


86  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

The  details  of  the  two  ash  pits  are  also  presented  herewith.  Fig.  43 
shows  the  larger  one.*  That  they  were  contemporary  with  the  Red  Paint 
graves  is  probable,  but  we  could  not  find  a  close  connection  as  did  Willough- 
by  at  Ellsworth. 

"Large  fire  pit  (this  is  shown  in  fig.  43).  The  heavy  white 
layer  (of  ashes)  in  this  pit  was  2.25  meters  across  on  its  long- 
est axis  north  west  by  south  east.  Below  this  white  layer  were  two 
strata  of  black  earth,  5-8  cm.  thick  and  at  a  distance  from  each 
other  varying  from  10  to  30  cm.  The  upper  layer  of  black  earth 
averaged  1.75  meters  below  surface.  The  gravel  was  very  much 
caked  all  about  and  under  the  white  layer.  The  two  black  strata 
were  deepest  down  near  the  center  of  this  pit,  but  were  on  the 
whole  irregular." 

"The  fire  pit  just  north  of  grave  187  presents  the  usual  fea- 
tures. The  caked  gravel  at  its  deepest  extended  1  meter  below 
the  surface.  A  section  across  the  workings,  parallel  to  base  line, 
north  west  and  south  east,  10  m.  long  and  1  m.  deep,  shows  these 
features.  From  the  south  east  end  fine  gravel  for  1.5  m.;  coarse 
gravel,  commencing  at  bottom  of  trench  and  reaching  surface,  2.5 
m.;  very  small  ash  pit  1.5  m.  fromsouth  east  end;  at  5.5  m., in  coarse 
gravel,  ash  pit  60  cm.  across,  30  cm.  down;  at  7  m.  a  still  smaller  ash 
pit;  from  here  the  coarse  or  intermediate  gravel  extends  to  north 
west  end  of  trench.  The  gradation  and  bedding  of  the  gravel 
seem  all  to  be  of  natural  origin." 

GEORGES  RIVER. 

HART'S  FALLS  CEMETERY 

While  we  were  at  Castine  in  1915,  Mr.  Sugden  and  Mr.  Taylor  visited 
the  Georges  River,  or  St.  George's  River,  between  Rockland  and  Warren  in 
Knox  County,  and  reported  that  there  were  several  collections  in  that  re- 
gion which  contained  implements  of  the  Red  Paint  People  types.  Accord- 
ingly on  the  8th  of  August  I  went  over  there  with  some  of  the  men  and  we 
found,  on  a  high  ridge  overlooking  Hart's  Falls  on  the  Georges  River,  a  dis- 
turbed cemetery.  We  put  down  thirty  or  forty  pits  here  but  found  nothing 
except  a  few  plummets  and  a  gouge.  The  graves  appeared  to  be  one  to 
two  thirds  of  a  meter  deep,  but  it  was  impossible  to  make  proper  observa- 
tions, as  the  place  had  been  thoroughly  ransacked.  The  formation  is  pe- 
culiar, as  the  hill  is  covered  with  large  boulders  from  one  to  two  meters  in 
diameter. 


Dr.  Peabody's  cane  shown  in  the  photograph,  is  92  cm.  long. 


RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES  87 

TARR  CEMETERY 

Dr.  John  Alden,  a  direct  descendant  of  the  famous  John  Alden,  and  a 
dentist  in  the  town  of  Union,  was  familiar  with  the  region  and  had  made  a 
large  collection  from  Red  Paint  graves  in  previous  years.  He  accom- 
panied us  for  a  few  days  on  a  tour  of  the  Georges  valley  and  took  us  to  sev- 
eral sites.  We  examined  knolls  along  the  river  as  far  up  as  the  town  of 
Union.  Not  far  from  Union,  on  the  Tarr  estate,  in  a  hillside  about  two 
hundred  meters  from  the  river,  we  found  another  disturbed  cemetery  of  the 
Red  Paint  People  and  opened  some  twenty  graves.  This  place  had  been 
much  ransacked  by  Dr.  Alden  and  other  collectors  and  we  did  not  make  a 
map  of  it.  The  soil  was  sandy  loam  but  rather  free  from  stones.  The  graves 
were  shallow,  usually  about  one  third  of  a  meter  in  depth.  Fifty  or  sixty 
objects  were  secured,  which  will  be  used  later  for  exchange  purposes.  Eight 
or  ten  graves  were  found  complete  and  undisturbed  and  their  contents  were 
carefully  recorded  and  preserved.  They  do  not  differ  practically  from  other 
Red  Paint  People  types  and  it  is  not  necessary  to  describe  them  here. 

STEVENS    CEMETERY 

Following  a  suggestion  of  Dr.  Alden  we  examined  a  high  knoll  over- 
looking the  Georges  River  halfway  between  the  town  of  Union  and  Warren 
in  August,  1915,  and  found  an  undisturbed  cemetery  there,  on  the  land  of 
Mr.  George  Stevens.  This  was  a  most  welcome  discovery,  as  all  the  other 
cemeteries  found  by  us  except  Hathaway's  at  Passadumkeag  had  been 
more  or  less  disturbed. 

The  hill  or  ridge  on  which  this  cemetery  was  situated  lies  along  the  right 
bank  of  the  river  for  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  meters  east  and  west,  and 
has  a  crest  or  higher  portion  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  meters  long, 
which  slopes  off  to  low,  swampy  ground  on  the  west. 

As  our  season  was  near  an  end,  I  employed  local  labor  on  this  work  in 
addition  to  the  regular  force  in  order  to  expedite  matters,  and  we  thus  had  a 
total  of  fourteen  men  at  work  up  to  August  22.  When  we  obtained  permis- 
sion from  the  owner  to  dig,  the  men  were  assigned  places  ten  or  fifteen  meters 
apart  on  the  crest  of  the  ridge,  and  by  means  of  their  test  pits,  graves  214 
to  217  were  immediately  discovered  on  the  western  slope.*  As  soon  as 
graves  had  been  found,  the  men  were  moved  to  this  part  of  the  hill  and 
started  a  trench.  The  trench  was  ten  meters  wide  at  the  western  end  and 
extended  twenty-six  meters  toward  the  east,  increasing  to  seventeen  meters 
in  width. 

The  workmen  dug  out  practically  the  whole  ground  in  eleven  working 
days,  and  the  total  amount  of  excavation  was  equal  to  a  trench  thirty-six 

*  References  to  plan  VIII  will  show  that  graves  a  little  west  of  the  center  have  lower  numbers 
than  others.  This  is  because  the  test  pits  were  sunk  before  we  knew  the  exact  position  of  the 
cemetery. 


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90  MAINEARCHAEOLOGY 

meters  in  length  and  twenty  meters  wide.  All  our  pits  extended  down  to 
undisturbed  ground  or  hard  pan.  Some  of  the  graves  were  found  as  far  down 
as  a  meter  or  a  meter  and  a  half  below  the  surface.  We  do  not  think  that  the 
cemetery  extended  more  than  forty  meters  in  any  direction,  but  there  may 
be  a  few  graves  remaining  on  the  slopes  where  the  owner  did  not  wish  us  to 
dig. 

In  this  cemetery,  unlike  other  Red  Paint  cemeteries,  the  burials  were 
not  made  in  sand  and  gravel  with  occasionally  a  boulder  or  stone  near,  but 
they  were  made  for  the  most  part  in  heavy,  coarse  gravel  and  frequently 
had  great  boulders  twenty  to  forty  centimeters  in  diameter  lying  upon 
them.  The  hill  is  distinctly  of  glacial  formation,  being  more  nearly  like 
Mr.  Willoughby's  mound  at  Lake  Alamoosook  than  any  other  burial  site 
that  we  have  discovered.*  It  contains  here  and  there  spots  two  or  three 
meters  in  diameter  where  the  sand  is  finer  and  the  gravel  small.  (On  the 
field  map,  plan  VIII,  Mr.  Sugden  has  indicated  one  place  where  there  was 
very  hard  sand  extending  for  over  five  meters  along  the  west  side  of  our 
trench.)  There  was  also  a  long  layer  of  fine  sand,  which  although  it  offered 
a  simpler  problem  of  excavation,  few  graves  were  found  in  it  and  the  Indians 
seem  for  some  reason  to  have  preferred  the  deposit  of  gravel  and  boulders 
for  digging  their  graves.  Numbers  of  the  graves  extended  under  the  boul- 
ders. Either  the  objects  were  placed  under  and  around  the  large  stones  as 
they  occurred,  or  the  stones  were  placed  on  top  of  the  graves  after  the  bodies 
had  been  laid  in  the  ground.  This  is  especially  evident  in  grave  224,  dug 
out  by  Mr.  Taylor,  which  contained  twelve  large  boulders,  twenty  or  thirty 
centimeters  in  diameter.  They  appeared  to  be  arranged  in  a  rude  circle. 
On  the  left  (northwest)  there  were  four  on  top  of  one  another,  on  the  right 
three  more,  and  in  the  center  five  directly  on  the  buried  objects. 

As  the  site  was  undisturbed  and  everything  presumably  in  its  original 
position,  we  did  much  of  the  excavating  with  the  hand  trowels,  which  en- 
abled us  to  work  very  carefully  and  to  make  observations  in  detail.!  Many 
strays,  or  objects  either  lost  or  purposely  thrown  in  after  the  graves  were 
partly  filled,  were  picked  up.  Two  small,  beautifully  wrought  crescents 
found  by  Mr.  Hutchings,  which  lay  about  fifteen  centimeters  below  the  sod- 
roots,  were  numbered  as  coming  from  grave  236,  but  they  may  have  been 
strays,  or  their  being  found  together  may  indicate  the  presence  of  another 
grave  nearer  the  surface,  although  there  was  no  red  ocher.  We  have  else- 
where, especially  at  the  Emerson  cemetery,  referred  to  the  presence  of  a  few 
stray  objects  here  and  there  as  indicating  disturbed  graves,  but  since  they 


*  Plan  IX  shows  elevation  of  the  ridge. 

J  We  took  the  usual  photographs,  but  found  when  the  films  were  developed  at  Andover  that 
something  had  been  wrong  with  the  camera  and  they  were  unsuccessful.  Fortunately  my  son  had 
made  numerous  drawings,  and  these  we  have.  Usually  we  make  drawings  as  well  as  photographs, 
for  the  sake  of  protecting  the  records  in  case  the  camera  fails. 


91 

were  found  also  in  the  Stevens  cemetery,  which  had  not  been  explored  and 
where  there  had  been  no  heavy  plowing,  it  seems  possible  that  these  so- 
called  strays  were  placed  on  the  site  intentionally. 

Near  the  grass  roots  but  not  in  the  graves  and  never  more  than  nine 
centimeters  from  the  surface,  were  found  numerous  chips  of  chert,  quartz, 
and  felsite,  but  in  the  graves  themselves  there  were  no  objects  chipped  from 
quartz.  In  fact,  with  one  or  two  possible  exceptions,  we  have  never  ob- 
served projectile  points  or  knives  made  of  quartz.  One  fragment  of  pottery 
about  two  centimeters  in  diameter,  was  found  eight  centimeters  below  the 
surface,  in  the  sand. 

The  men  examined  the  ground  about  the  deposits  very  carefully,  in  or- 
der to  ascertain  the  outlines  of  the  original  excavations,  but  it  was  impossible 
to  determine  their  measurements,  except  in  the  case  of  one  or  two  in  fine 
sand.* 

About  one  hundred  and  twenty  meters  south  from  the  cemetery,  in  Mr. 
Stevens'  orchard,  there  was  a  small  circular  ridge  similar  to  a  circus  ring. 
The  earth  in  this  circle  did  not  appear  to  be  different  from  the  surrounding 
soil,  but  Mr.  Stevens  said  that  when  he  was  a  boy  his  father  told  him  that  in 
his  own  younger  days  the  ridge  was  more  prominent,  the  ground  inside  was 
hard  and  packed,  and  the  place  was  called  "the  Indian  dance  ground."  We 
estimated  this  tradition  to  date  back  about  eighty  years.  Mr.  Hutchings 
dug  a  large  pit  in  the  center  of  the  so-called  dance  ground,  but  as  he  found 
only  broken  bricks,  ashes,  and  pieces  of  crockery,  we  concluded  that  it  was 
the  site  of  an  old  dwelling.  This  incident  is  mentioned  here  as  an  illus- 
tration of  the  many  traditions  concerning  Indian  occupation  of  the  land.  A 
survey  like  ours  has  to  spend  much  time  in  following  them  up  but  most  of 
them  when  investigated  do  not  yield  results  of  any  value. 

Five  fire  pits  were  found  scattered  about  the  crest  of  the  hill,  some  of 
them  outside  the  area  of  the  cemetery  but  others  lying  above  very  deep 
graves.  This  was  the  case  at  graves  252,  255  and  263,  in  the  eastern  half  of 
the  ground.  Excavations  in  all  of  them  revealed  only  black  eartn,  char- 
coal, etc.  It  was  not  difficult  to  trace  the  size  of  the  pits,  containing  as  they 
did  masses  or  layers  of  charcoal.  They  varied  from  one  and  three  quarters 
to  two  and  one  quarter  meters  in  diameter.  We  concluded  that  where  they 
occurred,  an  unusually  deep  pit  was  first  dug;  in  the  bottom  were  placed  the 
ocher,  the  stone  objects,  and  probably  the  body  of  the  deceased;  sand  or 
gravel,  earth  or  stones,  making  a  protecting  layer,  were  next  placed;  then 
the  remainder  of  the  pit  was  filled  up  with  charcoal  and  ashes,  whether  the 
actual  burning  took  place  in  the  pit  or  not.  If  the  ash  or  fire  pit  had  been  in 
existence  first,  and  the  natives  dug  through  it  to  bury  the  ocher  and  ob- 

*  The  position  given  for  a  grave  on  plan  VIII  is  that  of  the  deposit  of  stone  objects.  The 
ocher  often  extended  some  distance  from  this  spot,  in  one  dire<lion  or  another. 


92  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

jects  beneath,  as  some  have  thought,  we  should  expect  to  find  some  char- 
coal mingled  with  the  red  paint,  but  this  is  seldom  or  never  the  case. 

As  this  was  an  important  cemetery,  owing  to  its  undisturbed  condition, 
we  include  here  descriptions  of  several  of  the  graves,  taken  chiefly  from  the 
field  notes.  In  general  we  did  not  find  many  plummets  in  this  cemetery, 
and  the  small  rubbing  stones  and  the  so-called  "lucky  stones"  were  not  in 
every  grave. 

"  Grave  231 .  This  lay  about  82  cm.  deep  in  some  brown  ocher. 
It  contained  a  small  stone  and  three  spears  in  a  space  about  20  cm. 
by  25  cm.  The  spears  lay  flat,  the  longest  one  pointing  north,  the 
other  two  east  and  north  east.  Between  graves  230  and  231  was  an 
elevation  or  ridge  of  hard,  compact  sand,  commonly  known  as 
"hard  pan."  The  two  graves  had  been  dug  down  at  either  end  of 
this  hard  pan,  apparently  penetrating  a  part  of  it,  and  a  consider- 
able quantity  of  heavy  gravel  and  boulders  must  have  been  re- 
moved in  making  them;  but  their  position  suggests  that  the  very 
hard  sand  made  an  obstacle  that  the  Indian  did  not  attempt  to  dig 
into.  We  could  not  trace  the  exact  dimensions  of  these  graves,  al- 
though we  spent  considerable  time  in  an  effort  to  do  so." 

"  Grave  255.  This  grave  lay  near  or  under  the  edge  of  a  fire  pit 
and  was  the  deepest  of  any  that  we  found,  being  down  about  1.80  m. 
It  contained  much  red  paint,  a  quantity  of  which  was  saved;  a 
long  gouge,  grooved,  blade  north;  a  spear  head  pointed  south,  and 
a  rubbing  stone;  a  plummet  with  the  head  south;  a  long  gouge  on 
the  side,  pointing  south  west;  another  rubbing  stone  and  a  gouge 
blade  west:  all  of  these  objects  were  in  a  space  45  cm.  by  50  cm. 
Outlines  of  the  fire  pit  could  be  observed. 

"Grave  270.  Eighty  cm.  below  the  surface  we  came  upon  a 
large  deposit  of  ocher  extending  over  a  space  80  cm.  by  90  cm.,  and 
nearly  5  cm.  thick.  It  was  not  so  bright  as  ocher  found  in  other 
cemeteries  but  we  saved  a  box  of  it.  There  was  a  gouge,  hollow 
side  up,  blade  north;  a  plummet,  head  north;  three  rubbing  stones 
placed  in  a  triangle  ten  centimeters  apart;  and  some  pyrites.  In 
taking  out  the  ocher  at  the  western  edge  of  the  grave  another  gouge 
was  found,  hollow  uppermost,  blade  north. 

"Grave  232.  This  was  under  a  very  large  boulder  about  40 
cm.  long  by  30  cm.  wide  and  estimated  to  weigh  200  pounds  or 
more.  It  required  the  services  of  two  men  to  lift  it  out  of  our  ex- 
cavation. It  was  waterworn,  oval,  and  had  a  slightly  jagged  end 
which  protruded  from  the  ground  about  5  cm.  Two  other  good- 
sized  boulders  were  placed  on  the  edge  of  the  grave  to  the  north. 
Under  the  large  rock  and  about  42  cm.  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground  were  seven  objects  in  a  space  about  30  cm.  by  20  cm.  They 


RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES  93 

all  lay  with  their  heads  up  and  cutting  edges  down  except  the  gouge 
farthest  north.  There  was  some  red  paint  but  it  was  not  bright. 

"Grave  263.  This  was  another  very  deep  grave,  being  under 
a  fire  pit  and  at  the  same  depth,  1.80  m.,  as  the  other  two  similarly 
placed.  We  noticed  a  slight  depression  in  the  surface  of  the 
ground  above  this  grave,  which  is  unusual  in  our  experiences.  One 
meter  from  the  surface  was  a  heavy  layer  of  charcoal  about  9  cm. 
in  thickness  and  32  cm.  below  the  top  of  the  layer  was  the  red 
paint.  There  were  three  gouges,  two  hammer  stones  and  a  rubbing 
stone." 

"  Grave  224.  This  is  the  grave  surrounded  by  twelve  stones  or 
rocks  of  various  sizes,  as  described  on  p.  90.  The  level  on  which 
the  lowest  rocks  rested  was  82  cm.  below  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
but  the  rocks  that  were  piled  up  on  either  side  reached  60  cm.  or  65 
cm.  above  this  level.  The  width  measured  across  the  top  was  60 
cm.  The  grave  contained  a  gouge  and  a  hatchet  blade,  both 
pointed  northeast  and  lying  flat  side  up,  and  upon  removing  the 
lower  rocks  we  found  another  fine  gouge  with  the  top  or  poll  up 
and  the  cutting  edge  or  bit  turned  down;  also  a  natural  curved 
stone,  an  adze  blade  pointed  west  and  a  thin  hatchet  blade,  flat 
side  up,  edge  to  the  west." 

OLDTOWN  —  GODFREY'S   CEMETERY.     1918. 

Mr.  Fred  Godfrey  of  Oldtown  owns  a  plot  of  land  lying  along  a  slope  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  Penobscot,  distant  about  two  hundred  meters  from  the 
water's  edge  and  overlooking  Oldtown  Island,  or  Indian  Island.  Many  years 
ago  while  engaged  in  planting  trees,  Mr.  Godfrey  found  one  or  two  Red 
Paint  People  graves,  and  being  an  amateur  collector  of  Indian  specimens  he 
carefully  preserved  their  contents.  In  subsequent  years  he  found  from  two 
to  four  graves  every  season,  until  he  had  accumulated  two  hundred  and  ten 
objects,  all  of  which  are  of  the  well-known  Red  Paint  People  types. 

Several  of  us  visited  Mr.  Godfrey's  place  in  August,  1918,  and  assisted 
him  in  excavating  five  or  six  remaining  graves.  Including  these,  he  esti- 
mates that  he  has  opened  some  forty  or  forty-five  graves.  Their  depth  was 
similar  to  those  found  in  other  cemeteries,  thirty  to  sixty  centimeters.  Most 
of  the  graves  seem  to  be  surrounded  by  ten,  twelve  or  even  fifteen  large 
boulders  which  weigh  from  forty  to  one  hundred  pounds  each.  Several 
flat  slabs  occurring  with  these  were  thought  by  Mr.  Godfrey  to  be  placed 
intentionally,  one  at  the  head  and  one  at  the  feet  of  the  body.  In  two  of 
the  graves  which  I  observed  and  assisted  in  opening  these  flat  slabs  were 
present,  but  it  did  not  seem  to  me  that  they  represented  stones  placed  at 
the  head  and  feet,  although  they  were  certainly  somewhat  different  from  the 
ordinary  boulders  placed  in  an  irregular  circle  around  the  deposit. 


94  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

No  traces  of  bones  were  found,  although  we  searched  diligently  with 
hand  trowels.  The  objects  found  were  of  the  same  type  as  in  other  Red 
Paint  cemeteries  except  that  there  were  fewer  of  the  long  slender  slate  spears 
or  daggers.  There  were  a  few  plummets  but  not  many  chipped  implements. 
The  adze  blades  were  large  and  fine  and  there  was  a  considerable  number 
both  of  the  long,  perforated  and  of  the  bipennate  or  double-winged  prob- 
lematical forms.  Mr.  Godfrey  had  found  more  of  the  oblong  rubbing 
stones,  or  tool  sharpeners  as  he  called  them,  than  occur  in  other  cemeteries. 
There  were  a  few  pieces  of  iron  pyrites.  The  red  paint  was  not  so  brilliant 
as  has  been  found  elsewhere. 

Beyond  question  there  is  also  a  Red  Paint  People  cemetery  on  Indian 
Island,  belonging  to  the  Penobscot  Indians,  for  numbers  of  the  persistent 
types  have  been  found  by  the  Indians  when  they  made  excavations  for 
fences  or  buildings,  but  they  control  the  whole  island  and  will  permit  no 
excavations  by  outsiders;  so  I  was  informed  by  the  leading  Indians  when  I 
requested  authority  to  examine  this  island.  The  Indians  took  an  interest  in 
our  work,  and  several  of  the  older  ones  visited  Godfrey's  while  we  were 
there. 

I  include  here  observations  on  two  of  the  graves  on  Mr.  Godfrey's 
farm  that  were  first  opened  by  our  party. 

"Grave  279.  This  lies  on  top  of  the  subsoil  just  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  present  wagon  road.  Apparently  many  graves  were  de- 
stroyed when  the.road  was  built  or  filled  in  to  a  depth  of  20  cm.,  but 
this  one  lay  a  little  deeper.  The  red  paint,  which  was  a  little  faint 
in  color,  was  about  2  cm.  thick  and  extended  something  over  a 
meter  in  each  direction.  On  top  of  it  in  the  center  was  a  very  large 
scraper  or  small  hoe,  about  11  cm.  in  length.  There  were  also  four 
roughly  chipped  knives  of  chert,  one  large  flake  knife  with  serrated 
edge,  and  a  tube  slightly  flattened  on  one  side,  worked  out  from  a 
narrow  piece  of  banded  slate,  one  half  being  dark  and  the  other 
light.  Heavy  boulders  lay  scattered  about. 

"Grave  276.  This  lay  east  and  west,  extending  for  almost  2 
meters.  There  were  eleven  rocks  or  water  worn  boulders  surround- 
ing the  objects  or  placed  in  two  irregular  rows  beside  them,  with 
their  tops  35  cm.  or  40  cm.  below  the  surface.  The  space  between 
the  two  rows  of  boulders  was  about  47  cm.  at  the  east  end  and  60 
cm.  at  the  west  end.  There  was  considerable  red  paint.  Near  the 
west  end  was  a  gouge  about  12  cm.  long,  placed  in  a  sloping  posi- 
tion. There  was  a  broken  ornament  on  edge;  also  in  a  sloping  posi- 
tion a  long  gouge  lying  in  the  red  paint  with  blade  west;  and  a 
curved  adze  blade,  point  west.  Below  this  grave  and  extending 
down  to  a  depth  of  about  80  cm.  were  five  or  six  large  rocks,  col- 
ored red  by  the  ocher.  These  were  sloping  and  from  20  cm.  to  30 


RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES  95 

cm.  apart,  occupying  a  square  space  1.5  meters  in  diameter.  Be- 
tween these  in  the  red  paint  was  a  white  quartz  arrow  point  5  cm. 
or  6  cm.  in  length,  a  large  adze  blade  and  a  gouge.  The  rocks  and 
ocher  beneath  grave  276  may  indicate  a  separate  deposit,  and 
there  seem  to  be  enough  objects  in  the  two  deposits  to  constitute 
two  graves,  but  the  position  was  such  that  it  was  impossible  for 
me  to  determine  whether  we  should  consider  that  there  were  two 
graves  or  one." 

WINSLOW-- THE  LANCASTER  CEMETERY.     1919 

In  the  town  of  Winslow,  which  is  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Kennebec  op- 
posite Waterville,  Mr.  Fred  Lancaster  had  erected  a  saw  mill  on  his  farm 
and  in  the  summer  of  1919,  when  he  dug  the  pit  for  a  large  circular  saw, 
he  opened  one  or  two  Red  Paint  graves.  A  Mr.  Kelliher,  engaged  in  the 
clothing  business  in  Waterville  and  owner  of  a  collection  of  Indian  speci- 
mens, went  out  to  the  site  and  was  joined  there  by  Mr.  William  W.  Taylor 
of  Boston,  who  had  accompanied  me  on  two  or  three  of  my  expeditions,  and 
by  a  Mr.  Denton,  also  of  Boston.  Mr.  Taylor  persuaded  the  other  two  to 
telegraph  to  me  to  come  and  take  charge  of  the  cemetery,  and  I  received 
their  telegram  and  a  letter  on  the  day  in  September  when  the  Connecticut 
River  Archaeological  Survey,  which  I  had  been  carrying  on,  had  ended  its 
labors  just  below  Springfield,  Mass. 

I  went  immediately  to  Winslow  and  on  my  arrival  the  site  was  turned 
over  to  me.  About  eight  graves  had  already  been  opened.  I  put  ten  men  at 
work  in  the  interests  of  the  Bangor  Historical  Society,  since  the  Phillips 
Academy  fund  was  exhausted.  All  the  specimens  found  were  first  studied 
at  Andover  and  then  shipped  to  Bangor,  where  they  are  now  on  exhibition 
in  the  fireproof  building  of  the  Public  Library  and  can  be  seen  there  by  vis- 
itors. 

The  cemetery  occupied  a  space  about  thirteen  by  seventeen  meters  on 
a  knoll  one  hundred  meters  from  the  Sebasticook  River  and  not  more  than 
seven  meters  above  the  level  of  the  water.  The  ground  was  very  hard  and 
stony.  WTe  opened  some  thirty  graves,  of  which  twenty  were  under  the  saw 
mill.  As  the  mill  is  about  thirty  meters  long  and  very  heavy,  it  was  impos- 
sible to  move  it,  and  it  was  necessary  to  place  blocks  on  solid  stone  founda- 
tions under  it,  before  we  could  excavate.  Then  the  men  had  to  do  most  of 
the  digging  either  sitting  down  or  lying  on  their  sides,  so  that  the  work  was 
accomplished  under  difficulties.  There  may  be  a  few  graves  left  under  the 
gasoline  engine  or  heavy  parts  of  the  machinery  which  it  was  not  advisable 
to  undermine  because  of  danger  to  the  men. 

The  graves  did  not  differ  essentially  from  those  of  other  cemeteries  but 
they  seemed  to  be  nearer  the  surface,  and  the  red  ocher  was  to  an  unusual 
extent  spread  at  a  uniform  depth.  Thus  on  one  side  of  the  cemetery  it 


u 


PLAN  IX 


.22 


LANCASTER      CEMETERY, 
WINSLOW,      MAINE 

THE    LINE    A. A.  IN  DICATES      THAT    V»|T'',N    THIS     AREA     THE    RED    PAINT     SEEMED 
TQ    HAVE     BEEN    SPREAD    EVENLY 

THE    SQUARES    *RE     SQUARE     METERS 
DRAWN     BY    E.O  S  UGDE  N,  N  0V.  (9/9. 


REDPAINT    PEOPLE    CEMETERIES  97 

seemed  to  extend  in  a  regular  layer  for  a  distance  of  seven  or  eight  meters 
and  then  there  was  a  clear  break,  or  what  would  be  called  in  geology  a  fault, 
before  it  was  resumed.  My  attention  was  called  to  this  by  Mr.  W.  B.  Smith, 
formerly  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  and  much  interested  in  ar- 
chaeological matters.  He  examined  the  break  carefully  and  said  that  it  in- 
dicated a  shifting  of  the  land  and  was  not  recent;  that  it  was  not  due  to  any 
excavating  done  by  the  Indians  but  might  have  been  caused  by  a  landslide 
or  by  an  earthquake.  I  frequently  discussed  with  Mr.  Smith  the  difference 
between  the  Red  Paint  graves  and  later  Indian  interments.  In  the  former 
there  is  a  noticeable  re-stratification ;  the  graves  are  so  old  that  a  re-forming 
of  gravel  layers  has  set  in  and  it  is  difficult  to  trace  the  outlines  of  the  exca- 
vations; while  in  Algonkian  graves  the  lines  of  disturbance  are  very  plain. 

The  regularity  of  the  depth  of  the  ocher  layer  in  certain  places  through- 
out this  cemetery  suggested  the  possibility  that  a  certain  area  was  dug  out 
and  cleared  and  the  layer  of  ocher  laid  down  uniformly  before  the  burials  were 
placed  upon  it,  as  it  is  not  reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  Indians  would  dig 
so  many  graves  separately,  all  to  exactly  the  same  depth.  This  method 
may  have  been  adopted,  as  suggested  on  p.  53  in  discussing  Hathaway's 
cemetery  at  Passadumkeag,  when  the  remains  of  those  who  died  in  the 
winter  were  kept  until  the  ground  thawed  in  the  spring. 

The  contents  of  the  graves  showed  some  minor  peculiarities.  There 
were  few  plummets,  only  six  or  seven  occurring  in  the  whole  cemetery,  and 
there  were  few  of  the  long  fine  gouges,  while  no  effigies  or  crescents  were 
discovered.  Not  many  hammer  stones  were  found,  and  iron  pyrites  or  fire 
stones  occurred  in  only  three  graves.  The  adze  blades  and  hatchet  blades 
were  with  two  exceptions  smaller  and  shorter  than  those  found  elsewhere. 
There  were  a  number  of  chipped  spear  heads  of  the  dark  flint  and  red  flint 
which  sometimes  occur,  but  none  of  felsite,  the  so-called  Kineo  stone.  There 
were  numbers  of  the  beautiful,  long  slate  daggers  or  spears,  seven  being 
found  in  grave  329  and  a  single  one  in  another.  I  present  illustrations  of 
these  in  fig.  46,  made  from  Mr.  Sugden's  drawings.  One  is  a  trifle  over  forty- 
five  centimeters  in  length,  and  is  the  longest  one  ever  found  in  a  Red  Paint 
grave.  We  took  from  the  graves  also  a  number  of  spear  heads  of  translucent 
quartzite,  that  peculiar  unidentified  material  which  is  common  in  Labrador 
but  has  never  been  found  in  a  natural  state,  a  ledge  or  boulder,  in  the  State 
of  Maine.  We  obtained  six  or  seven  of  these  translucent  spear  heads,  some 
of  them  large  but  one  or  two  small  enough  to  be  classed  as  arrow  heads. 

In  all  of  the  cemeteries  careful  search  has  been  made  for  fragments  of 
bones.  A  few  scales  were  discovered  at  Hathaway's  and  at  Emerson's,  but 
they  were  so  small  that  they  could  not  be  identified.  It  was  therefore  grati- 
fying to  find  in  grave  318,  in  the  Lancaster  cemetery,  at  a  depth  of  thirty- 
five  centimeters,  burnt  bones  and  fragments  of  unburned  bones.  One  or 
two  of  the  larger  fragments  seemed  to  us  to  be  portions  of  a  human  skull. 


-Q 


"S 
5 


i  i  i   i  i  i  i  i   i  i  i  i 


JLOCM. 


.  : 


FIG.  46.     Five  slate  spears  from  Lancaster's  cemetery.    Size  shown. 


100  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 


FIG.  47.     Large  adze  blade,  Lancaster's  Cemetery,  Grave  326.    S.  1-3. 

They  were  examined  by  Mr.  Willoughby,  who  also  thought  they  were  hu- 
man, and  at  his  suggestion  they  were  given  to  Dr.  E.  A.  Hooton  of  Harvard 
University  for  further  examination.  I  append  his  letter  giving  the  findings. 

"Jan.  9,  1920. 
"Dear  Mr.  Moorehead,  - 

"I  have  examined  the  lots  of  bones  that  you  left  at  the  Museum 
and  have  secured  as  a  check  upon  my  findings  the  opinion  of  Dr. 
Glover  M.  Allen  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology.  Dr. 
Allen  and  I  concur  in  the  opinion  that  all  of  the  remains  are  hu- 
man, with  the  exception  of  a  few  isolated  fragments.  I  have  been 
able  positively  to  identify  specimens  from  the  various  lots  as  fol- 
lows: 

"No.  A.  These  bones  are  pretty  certainly  human,  but  the  frag- 
ments are  so  small  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  identify  the  various 
parts.  There  are,  however,  several  small  fragments  of  the  human 
brain  case  and  other  fragments  of  long  bones. 
"  No.  B.  Calcined  remains  of  a  human  right  temporal  bone,  includ- 
ing (1)  the  mastoid  process;  (2)  portion  of  posterior  and  inferior 
wall  of  external  auditory  meatus  including  part  of  the  vaginal  pro- 
cess and  anterior  half  of  stylo-mastoid  foramen;  (3)  fragment  of 
petrous  portion,  including  part  of  internal  auditory  meatus  and 
base  of  jugular  fossa;  (4)  anterior  internal  portion  of  glenoid  fossa 
with  part  of  spheno-temporal  suture;  (5)  another  fragment  of  mas- 
toidal  portion  of  same  temporal  bone.  Remaining  fragments 
probably  human,  but  too  small  for  positive  identification. 
"  No.  C.  The  bones  contained  in  the  chunk  of  limonite  may  or  may 
not  be  human.  I  am  unable  to  say. 

"No.  D.  This  lot  contains,  in  addition  to  the  human  bones,  a  cou- 
ple of  bones  probably  of  a  large  fish.  All  of  the  bones  have  been 
subjected  to  the  action  of  fire.  The  human  bones  consist  of:  (1) 
distal  extremity  of  left  ulna,  probably  female;  (2)  part  of  the  head 
and  neck  of  a  humerus ;  (3)  a  metacarpal  bone.  These  bones  appear 
to  be  the  remains  of  one  individual,  probably  an  adult  female. 
"No. — .Unlabelledlot.  (Whitish  bones) .  Several  small  fragments 


OBJECTS   FOUND   IN   RED   PAINT   GRAVES    101 

of  a  human  skull  vault  (calcined),  probably  portions  of  parietal 

bones.    The  remainder  of  the  pieces  I  am  unable  to  identify  with 

certainty. 

"Sincerely  yours, 

"E.  A.  HOOTON." 

In  July,  1920,  we  went  back  to  Lancaster's  cemetery,  as  there  was  a 
persistent  local  report  that  many  graves  remained  unexplored.  We  dug  ex- 
tensively and  found  seven  or  eight  unimportant  deposits.  We  also  exam- 
ined the  Indian  village  site  along  the  river  and  the  more  modern  Algonkin 
burial  ground  which  is  described  on  p.  214  of  this  book. 

OAKLAND  —  WENTWORTH'S  CEMETERY,  1920 

While  the  Survey  was  examining  the  Belgrade  Lakes  system  in  July, 
1920,  we  met  a  Mr.  Peavy  who  had  dug  up  gouges  and  adze  blades  of  the 
Red  Paint  People  type  on  a  ridge  now  occupied  by  a  modern  cemetery  in  the 
town  of  Oakland,  at  the  foot  of  Messalonskee  Lake.  We  visited  the  place 
but  could  not  carry  on  excavations  because  they  would  have  disturbed  the 
modern  graves.  It  is  distant  more  than  a  kilometer  from  the  nearest  water, 
and  this  is  the  farthest  from  stream  or  lake  that  any  Red  Paint  cemetery 
has  been  found. 

The  men  continued  prospecting  in  the  neighborhood  and  learned  that 
Mr.  Charles  Wentworth  had  plowed  up  gouges  and  other  tools  in  his  gar- 
den. His  land  is  in  the  western  part  of  the  village  of  Oakland  on  a  high 
ridge  which  overlooks  the  outlet  of  Messalonskee  Lake  on  the  south  and  to 
the  north  west  faces  an  extensive  low  marshy  place,  about  a  kilometer  dis- 
tant, which  was  once  a  lake.  The  cemetery  lies  on  the  north  slope  of  this 
ridge,  about  one  hundred  meters  from  the  bed  of  the  stream  which  once 
drained  the  bog,  and  sixteen  meters  above  the  level  of  the  water.  From  the 
shores  of  Messalonskee  Lake  to  the  cemetery  is  about  two  hundred  meters. 
Wentworth's  cemetery  lay  about  twelve  kilometers  west  of  Lancaster's,  and 
is  the  farthest  west  of  all  that  have  been  discovered  up  to  the  present  time. 

We  made  arrangements  with  Mr.  Wentworth  to  explore  the  ground 
as  soon  as  his  potatoes  were  large  enough  to  be  taken  up,  and  we  found  some 
sixty  graves  or  deposits  of  ocher.  About  half  of  them  contained  either  no 
objects  or  very  few.  These  were  the  shallow  graves,  often  within  twenty  or 
twenty-five  centimeters  of  the  surface.  Here  the  ocher  remained  but  the 
artifacts  had  been  plowed  up  and  removed. 

No  plan  of  the  cemetery  is  presented  here  because  so  many  of  the  graves 
had  been  disturbed.  In  this  connection  the  local  history  of  the  spot  may  be 
mentioned.  Mr.  WTentworth  had  found  numbers  of  artifacts  during  the  ten 
years  that  he  had  owned  the  property.  A  Mr.  Tozier  who  lived  on  the  same 
farm  for  twenty-five  or  thirty  years  also  plowed  up  numerous  stone  tools. 
The  original  owner,  a  Mr.  Hutchings,  had  occupied  the  farm  forty  or  fifty 


102  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

years.  Most  of  his  family  had  died,  but  one  very  old  lady  visited  the  scene  of 
our  explorations  and  stated  to  me  that  when  she  was  a  girl,  Mr.  Hutchings 
frequently  found  Indian  specimens  in  the  garden  and  that  large  numbers 
had  been  carried  away  by  different  persons. 

This  must  originally  have  been  a  large  and  important  cemetery.  We 
did  not  excavate  all  the  graves  because  Mr.  Wentworth  had  corn  and  beans 
planted  on  the  west  part  of  the  land  and  did  not  wish  us  to  dig  there,  al- 
though there  probably  are  graves  extending  under  the  corn.  The  deeper 
graves  that  we  opened  contained  from  eight  to  fifteen  objects  each.  It  would 
be  impossible  to  state  an  accurate  average,  but  I  would  estimate  that  if  the 
graves  all  contained  from  eight  to  ten  objects  each,  there  were  originally 
some  five  hundred  and  fifty  stone  tools  placed  in  the  ground  by  the  Indians, 
of  which  we  recovered  a  trifle  over  two  hundred. 

The  cemetery  is  interesting  from  the  fact  that  it  is  not  continuous.  Be- 
ginning somewhat  down  from  the  crest  of  the  hill  and  working  up,  we  found 
graves  at  regular  intervals  for  ten  or  twelve  meters;  then  there  was  a  space 
of  fifteen  meters  in  which  there  were  but  one  or  two  graves.  The  burials 
began  again  to  the  east  of  this  vacant  part  and  extended  about  twenty  me- 
ters farther  to  the  south  east.  Twelve  of  the  graves  in  this  part  of  the  ceme- 
tery were  on  the  adjoining  property  owned  by  Mr.  P.  H.  Russell.  West 
from  the  extension  on  the  Russell  estate  there  were  more  graves.  Whether 
objects  were  found  when  the  foundations  were  dug  for  the  house  and  barn 
fifty  or  sixty  meters  southwest  from  Russell's  cemetery,  we  were  unable  to 
ascertain. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  show  any  of  the  objects  taken  from  this  ceme- 
tery. In  grave  326  was  an  unusually  large  and  fine  adze  blade.  The  edge 
was  very  thin  and  sharp.  It  is  worked  out  very  carefully,  the  sides  beveled 
and  one  of  the  finest  examples  of  art  in  stone  from  any  of  the  Red  Paint  People 
cemeteries.  Excepting  this  adze  blade,  the  gouges,  celts,  and  other  tools 
were  smaller  than  those  from  the  Penobscot  Valley  sites.  There  was  only 
one  slate  spear  head  and  this  was  different  from  the  long  ones  found  in  other 
cemeteries  being  flat  and  thin  instead  of  hexagonal  in  cross  section.  Six  or 
seven  implements  chipped  from  translucent  quartzite  or  Labrador  stone  oc- 
curred, two  of  which  are  shown  in  fig.  48.  Hammer  stones  were  not  common 
and  in  some  graves  there  were  no  fire  stones.  The  red  paint  was  not  es- 
pecially bright. 

B.     DETAILED  STUDY  OF  OBJECTS  FOUND  IN  RED  PAINT  GRAVES 

In  the  preceding  pages  we  have  described  the  Red  Paint  Cemeteries  ex- 
plored by  the  Phillips  Academy  expeditions  and  have  referred  to  a  number  of 
sites  investigated  by  others,  notably  by  Mr.  Charles  C.  Willoughby,  Direc- 
tor of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  Harvard  University.! 

t  See  note  2,  p.  13. 


THE   ALAMOOSOOK   UNIT  103 

Before  drawing  our  conclusions  as  to  the  Red  Paint  People's  culture,  we 
must  make  a  careful  study  of  the  implements,  ornaments,  and  other  ob- 
jects found  in  the  ocher  deposits,  since  with  the  possible  exception  of  the  vil- 
lage site  near  Bangor  explored  by  W.  B.  Smith,*  the  cemeteries  and  the  ob- 
jects found  in  them  are  our  only  source  of  information  about  the  Red  Paint 
People,  and  it  is  only  by  having  a  complete  analysis  of  the  types  found,  that 
we  can  make  use  of  our  knowledge.** 

The  stone  implements  may  be  roughly  classified  as  follows : 
Gouges.      Large  with  oblong  or  angular  groove 
Large  with  V-shaped  groove 
Slender  or  chisel-shaped 
Adze  blades.      Triangular  or  ridge-backed 
Ordinary  or  almost  flat 
Knobbed 
Plummets.        Oval 

Elongated  oval 
Effigy 
Ornaments.       Long  pendants 

Small  perforated  stones 
Problematical.  Bipennate,  short  wings 

Crescents 
Slate  spears  or  daggers. 

Large,  hexagonal 
Small,  flat 
Chipped  objects. 

Spear  heads 
Arrow  heads 
Knives 

We  shall  discuss  these  classes  of  implements  as  found  in  the  different 
cemeteries,  grouping  the  latter  in  units  according  to  locality. 

THE  ALAMOOSOOK  UNIT 

The  Hartford,  Emerson  and  Mason  cemeteries  may  be  considered  to- 
gether because  of  their  proximity. f  The  three  present  some  characteristics 

*  As  this  village  site  is  at  least  partially  Algonkian,  the  description  of  it  is  given  on  pp.  184-143, 
just  before  our  discussion  of  the  relation  between  the  Red  Paint  People  and  Algonkians. 

*  Tables  have  been  prepared  which  show  all  the  dimensions  of  the  stone  tools  or  artifacts  from 
the  graves,  and  the  cards  are  available  for  students  of  implement  technology.  Such  detailed  records 
are  too  lengthy  to  be  inserted  in  this  report,  but  they  are  the  basis  of  the  statements  in  the  follow- 
ing pages. 

t  The  objects  found  by  Mr.  VVilloughby  in  excavating  graves  in  the  Soper's  Knoll  on  the  north 
side  of  Lake  Alamoosook  in  1892,  are  on  exhibition  in  the  Peabody  Museum  at  Cambridge.  They 
present  essentially  the  same  types  in  stone  as  those  found  by  us  in  the  same  region,  except  that  there 
are  no  crescents  and  not  such  a  preponderance  of  plummets.  The  adze  blades  are  large  and  of  fine 
workmanship,  but  there  are  no  specialized  gouges,  adzes  or  plummets. 


104  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

in  common,  chief  of  which  is  the  occurrence  of  specialized  or  double  gouges, 
more  of  these  having  been  found  at  Emerson's  and  Hartford's  than  else- 
where. 

Gouges.  The  average  gouge  from  the  cemeteries  in  general  is  quite 
different  from  forms  found  on  Algonkian  village  sites,  being  slender  rather 
than  broad,  with  the  hollow  or  gouge  depression  short  and  frequently  angu- 
lar or  oblong  in  outline,  but  sometimes  V-shaped  or  tapering  to  a  sharp 
groove  five  to  twelve  centimeters  from  the  cutting  edge.  The  second  one 
in  fig.  41  shows  this  peculiarity  of  the  Red  Paint  People  gouges.  A  small 
gouge  in  fig.  50  was  found  at  Stevens  cemetery  and  it  is  more  nearly  like  the 
common  Algonkian  form.  The  latter  are  rather  broad;  the  groove  is  car- 
ried further  up  —  sometimes  three  fourths  of  the  stone's  length  —  and  is 
seldom  of  an  angular  shape. 

The  number  of  narrow  chisel-like  gouges  found  at  Emerson's  and 
Hartford's  is  surprising.  Some  of  them  are  worked  down  to  an  end  one 
centimeter  in  diameter,  and  in  one  case  even  less  than  one  centimeter  across 
the  blade.  An  interesting  narrow  gouge  is  no.  50276,  which  is  12.5  cm.  long, 
3  cm.  wide  at  center,  2  cm.  thick,  cutting  edge  11  mm.  wide.  This  specimen 
was  broken,  scales  having  been  knocked  off  the  back  for  a  distance  of  8  cm., 
over  one  half  the  length  of  the  stone.  The  natives  had  re-ground  the  gouge, 
removing  the  rough  edges  due  to  the  break.  The  top  is  battered. 

The  longest  gouge  found  in  the  eastern  United  States  up  to  October, 
1921,  is  no.  50266,  from  grave  15  of  Hartford's  cemetery.  See  fig.  16,  left. 
Its  measurements  are:  37.5  cm.  long,  4  cm.  wide,  4  cm.  thick.  Another  long 
gouge,  no.  53061,  was  found  at  the  same  site  during  the  second  exploration. 
It  is  slightly  shorter  than  the  one  described  but  of  the  same  form.  The  tops 
or  polls  of  most  of  the  larger  and  finer  gouges  are  not  battered,  whereas  the 
more  ordinary  tools  have  battered  tops,  indicating  that  when  in  use  they 
were  hammered,  probably  with  a  wooden  mallet. 

Several  small  gouges  were  taken  from  the  three  Alamoosook  sites.  One 
which  is  both  thin  and  small  measures  5.15  cm.  long,  2.75  cm.  wide,  and 
9  mm.  thick.  It  was  in  an  unusual  deposit,  in  grave  17  of  Hartford's  ceme- 
tery, with  an  effigy  plummet,  a  hollow  concretionary  formation  filled  with 
red  paint  and  other  objects.  Other  small  gouges  are  shorter  and  thicker. 

A  few  of  the  gouges  were  "hump-backed,"  that  is,  having  a  profile  sim- 
ilar to  the  adze  blade  shown  at  the  top  in  fig  51. 

Attention  has  been  called  to  the  very  fine  edges  observed  on  the  gouges 
from  Muson's  cemetery.  The  same  is  true  of  a  number  of  specimens  from 
Hartford's.  Several  of  the  unusually  well  made  gouges  from  Mason's  are  so 
identical  in  form  as  to  suggest  that  they  are  the  product  of  one  individual. 
These  are  slightly  convex  in  outline  at  the  center  of  the  cutting  edge.  Ob- 
serve the  middle  gouge  in  fig.  20,  slightly  squared  at  either  side  of  the  blade, 
rounded  out  in  the  center.  The  groove  does  not  extend  to  the  edge  of  the 


FIG.  48.     Projectile  points  of  the  clear  quartzite  or  Labrador  stone,  from  various  Red  Paint  Ceme- 
teries.   Size  1-2. 


FIG.  49      Large  knife  and  projectile  points  from  various  Red  Paint  Cemeteries.    Size  about  1-2. 


THE    ALAMOOSOOK    UNIT  107 

stone  but  occupies  the  middle  portion,  while  a  part  of  the  original  surface 
of  the  stone  remains  on  either  side  of  the  groove  or  gouge  depression.  The 
same  peculiarity  of  outline  is  found  in  many  smaller  gouges  from  Stevens's, 
Tarr's  and  other  sites. 

Two  very  unusual  specimens  were  found  in  disturbed  graves  at  Em- 
erson's cemetery,  one  of  which,  the  knobbed  gouge  shown  in  fig.  50,  is  unique, 
no  other  gouge  like  it  having  been  found  anywhere  in  the  United  States. 
It  is  no.  50507  and  came  from  grave  68.  It  lay  twenty-five  centimeters 
below  the  surface,  but  we  did  not  find  it  in  its  original  position  and  there 
was  no  ocher  near.  Probably  the  other  objects  in  this  grave  were  scattered 
at  the  time  Dr.  Hamlin  and  Mr.  Soper  did  the  plowing  referred  to  before, 
and  this  specimen  was  overlooked  at  that  time.  It  measures :  length,  21  cm., 
thickness  4  cm.,  greatest  width,  4.5  cm.,  width  at  cutting  edge  3  cm.,  width 
at  top  2  cm.  Its  peculiarity  is  the  eight  knobs  or  projections  worked  in  high 
relief.  The  top  is  slightly  injured  and  the  face  at  the  top  projects  slightly, 
not  in  a  well-defined  ridge  but  as  if  a  slight  depression  or  groove  had  been 
started  across  the  stone  just  below  the  top.  The  lower  part  is  polished  for  a 
distance  of  six  centimeters  from  the  bit  or  edge,  and  from  this  point  to  the  top 
of  the  specimen  the  surface  is  pecked  but  not  polished  or  even  ground.  The 
gouge-groove  is  rather  shallow. 

The  other  unusual  specimen  from  Emerson's  cemetery  is  the  combina- 
tion tool,  gouge  at  one  end  and  adze  blade  at  the  other,  shown  in  fig.  41.  It 
was  found  in  grave  100  and  is  no.  50625  in  Phillips  Academy  catalogue.  It 
is  made  from  a  slab  of  hard  green  slate  and  is  very  highly  polished.  It  meas- 
ures: length  32.5  cm.,  width  of  back  at  center  5  cm.,  width  of  gouge  end 
5.3  cm.,  width  of  adze  end  3.6  cm.  The  front  is  flat,  along  the  back  is  a  flat 
ridge,  1  cm.  to  1.5  cm.  wide,  extending  20  cm.,  and  it  is  beautifully  bevelled 
from  this  angular  elevated  back  down  to  either  side.  The  top  or  adze  end 
is  bevelled  down  to  an  angular  cutting  edge.  The  left-hand  view  shows  the 
groove,  gracefully  tapering  and  extending  half  the  length  of  the  tool.  As 
this  implement  did  not  conveniently  lend  itself  to  fastening  in  a  handle,  it 
must  have  been  used  unmounted.  The  only  similar  tool  recorded  is  the  one 
mentioned  on  page  76  as  found  at  Sullivan  Falls  many  years  ago  and  ob- 
served by  Mr.  Stratton.  Mr.  Stratton  says  the  tool  he  saw  was  nearly 
double  the  size  of  the  one  here  described.  Originally  our  specimen  must 
have  lain  in  a  heavy  deposit  of  ocher  and  pyrites,  as  it  is  much  discolored, 
but  it  had  been  disturbed  by  the  plow  and  it  lay  above  the  ocher  and  about 
34  cm.  to  one  side. 

Adze  and  Hatchet  Blades.  Figure  42  illustrates  the  difference  between 
the  forms  in  our  classification  of  stone  tools.  It  shows  a  group  of  eight  ob- 
jects: three  adze  blades,  one  in  profile;  a  wide  hatchet  or  celt-like  imple- 
ment; two  gouges;  a  slate  spear  and  a  hoe  or  digging  tool.  Fig.  51  presents  a 
profile  view  of  four  adze  blades  from  the  Emerson  and  Haskell  sites.  Most 


108  MAINE   ARCHAEOLOGY 

adze  blades  are  angular  in  profile  and  some  are  ridged  or  bevelled  from  end 
to  end,  while  a  few  have  a  knob  or  projection  on  the  back.  The  one  below 
in  Fig.  51  is  a  typical  angular  or  bevelled  shape;  the  one  at  the  topis 
knobbed  or  "humpbacked."  Others  are  highly  specialized,  such  as  the  un- 
usual specimen  shown  in  fig.  47,  which  was  found  in  Lancaster's  cemetery 
and  is  one  of  the  best  examples  of  work  in  stone  by  the  Red  Paint  People. 
It  is  32  cm.  long,  6.2  cm.  wide  across  the  blade  and  6.66  cm.  wide  across  the 
top. 

These  heavy,  angular  objects  have  been  classified  by  Mr.  Willoughby 
and  others  as  adze  blades,  and  probably  they  were  used  as  such.*  The 
broad,  thin  blades  were  probably  used  as  war  hatchets  or  as  chopping  and 
cutting  tools.  Some  of  these  are  large,  notably  the  second  one  from  the  left 
in  fig.  42,  from  Haskell's  cemetery,  which  is  about  30  cm.  in  length,  but  thin. 
It  is  made  of  banded  slate  and  is  highly  polished.  Many  of  the  hatchets  and 
adze  blades  show  high  polish  and  considerable  use,  and  as  in  the  case  of 
the  gouges,  the  tops  or  polls  of  the  rougher  ones  are  battered  owing  to  ham- 
mering, while  the  specimens  exhibiting  better  workmanship  are  seldom  bro- 
ken at  the  top.  The  hatchet  blades  vary  from  the  large  ones  described  above 
down  to  those  only  10  cm.  in  length.  One  small,  narrow,  chisel-like  object, 
7  cm.  long  and  only  7  mm.  wide,  was  found  in  the  earth  thrown  out  during 
the  excavation  of  Hartford's  cemetery.  It  probably  had  been  in  a  grave.  It 
is  the  smallest  object  found  by  us  in  the  four  hundred  and  forty  graves 
opened,  and  will  compare  with  the  small  chisel  or  celt  blades  found  in  shell 
heaps  along  the  coast.  The  true  celt,  the  thick,  oval  form  common  on  Algon- 
kin  Indian  village  sites,  has  never  to  my  knowledge  been  found  in  any  Red 
Paint  grave.  There  are  a  few  tools  that  approach  that  type,  but  they  are 
not  exactly  of  the  well  known  celt  form. 

In  fig.  10  is  a  group  of  objects  showing  chiefly  the  average  hatchet 
blades  from  the  graves.  Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  nearly  all  the 
cutting  edges  are  square  or  angular.  After  once  studying  these  Red  Paint 
People  artifacts,  one  can  affirm  with  certainty  that  they  do  not,  as  a  class, 
occur  elsewhere  in  the  United  States. 

Plummets.  Many  plummets  were  found  in  the  cemeteries  of  the  Ala- 
moosook  unit,  some  graves  containing  as  many  of  these  objects  as  of  tools. 
Mr.  Willoughby  also  found  them  in  numbers  in  the  mound  which  he  ex- 
amined near  Emerson's  location.  The  ordinary  forms  of  plummets  from  va- 
rious sites  are  shown  in  fig.  52,  four  of  these  specimens  being  from  Hartford's 
and  Emerson's  and  four  from  Haskell's  and  Sullivan  Falls.  Beside  the  com- 
mon plummets,  some  specialized  forms  were  found  at  Hartford's.  Of  this 
class  is  the  whale-like  specimen,  no.  50277,  shown  in  fig.  39,  which  should  not 
be  classed  as  an  ordinary  plummet.  Its  measurements  are:  length  6.75  cm., 

*  See  "The  Adze  and  the  Ungrooved  Axe  of  the  New  England  Indians,"  Amer.  Anthrop., 
Vol.  IX,  1907,  p.  £96. 


FIG.  50.     Front  and  side  view  of  knobl>ed  gouge  (50507)  from  grave  68  at  Emerson's.    Size  alxnit 
2.    Gouge  from  Stevens'  Cemetery  (Scale  about  3-5).    Introduced  for  comparison.    See  page  107. 


FIG    5 1 .     Profiles  of  hump-backed  adze  blades  from  Emerson's  and  Haskell's.     S.  about  3-7. 


THE   ALAMOOSOOK   UNIT  111 

width  3.75  cm,  thickness  2.25  cm.  This  and  the  other  shapes  in  fig.  39  may 
be  classed  as  effigies  rather  than  plummets.  The  Red  Paint  People  did  not 
make  very  clever  effigies  and  these  objects  seem  to  mark  the  extent  of  their 
artistic  ability.  Several  plummets  of  considerable  size  were  taken  from  the 
Alamoosook  sites,  some  of  which  are  in  the  Andover  collection.  When  stud- 
ied these  are  seen  to  have  one  side  intentionally  flattened,  so  that  they  rest 
in  one  position,  while  the  ordinary  round  plummet  will  roll  about.  The  same 
feature  is  found  in  several  of  the  larger  plummets  12  to  17  cm.  in  length,  in 
the  collections  at  Salem  and  Cambridge,  which  are  not  from  Red  Paint 
graves.  This  flattening  of  one  side  gives  us  some  light  on  the  possible  use  of 
these  objects.  It  would  add  nothing  to  their  usefulness  as  sinkers,  but  if 
they  were  so  worked  in  order  that  they  might  be  set  in  a  certain  position, 
the  charm,  effigy,  or  problematical  theory  of  their  purpose  seems  to  be  more 
correct.  Two  of  these  large  ones  are  presented  in  fig.  53. 

Problematical  Forms  and  Pendants.  In  the  three  cemeteries  composing 
the  Alamoosook  unit  there  were  none  of  the  long,  perforated  pendants  or 
problematical  forms,  such  as  occur  at  Godfrey's  and  Hathaway's  sites,  but 
we  did  find  two  or  three  of  the  bipennate  stones  and  several  shorter  orna- 
ments of  the  Hathaway  types.  One  of  the  bipennates  shown  in  fig.  54  is 
practically  of  the  same  character  as  several  found  in  the  two  cemeteries  just 
mentioned.  Two  of  the  slender  pendants  are  shown  in  fig.  55.  The  Red 
Paint  People  made  use  of  very  crude  as  well  as  finely  finished  ornamental 
stones,  and  one  of  those  shown  in  the  above  figure  is  from  the  Sullivan  Falls 
cemetery.  They  are  ordinary  thin  sandstone  slabs,  crudely  fashioned  and 
perforated. 

Crescents  have  been  found  in  most  of  the  cemeteries  with  the  exception 
of  Wentworth's  and  Lancaster's,  and  they  form  a  most  interesting  series. 
Two  are  shown  in  fig.  27,  two  others  in  fig.  54,  and  one  in  fig.  58,  is  from 
grave  121  of  Sullivan  Falls. 

A  careful  consideration  of  the  problematical  forms  from  these  graves 
has  led  to  the  conclusion  that  the  bipennate,  crescent,  and  long  pendants 
are  very  old  forms  of  ornament  in  stone.* 

Chipped  Objects.  Numbers  of  chipped  stone  objects  were  found  in  the 
Alamoosook  unit,  some  small  but  most  of  them  too  large  for  use  as  arrow 
heads.  Figs.  48  and  49  present  some  of  these  artifacts  from  the  Alamoosook 
and  other  sites.  There  are  no  marked  local  differences  in  the  shapes.  The 
majority  are  projectile  points  with  barbed  or  shouldered  tops,  for  use  as 
arrow  or  spear  heads.  The  points  are  generally  narrow  and  the  shoulders 
not  pronounced,  the  simpler  stemmed  forms  predominating,  although  three 
barbed  specimens  are  among  those  shown.  It  is  seldom  that  a  knife  is  found, 
but  one  such  exception  is  shown  in  the  large  object  in  the  center  of  fig.  49. 


*  See  "Stone  Ornaments,"  etc.,  by  VV.  K.  Moorehead.     Andover,  1918. 


112  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

This  is  25cm.  long,  6.8  cm.  wide  at  the  base,  8  cm.  across  the  middle,  and 
7  mm.  thick  in  the  middle,  and  is  worked  out  of  a  block  of  Kineo  felsite.  It 
was  found  by  Mr.  Soper,  together  with  two  other  similar  blades,  in  a  large 
quantity  of  red  paint  about  three  hundred  meters  north  east  of  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Alamoosook.  This  was  not  a  cemetery  but  an  isolated  grave.  We  dug 
pits  for  some  distance  about  the  spot  but  could  find  no  other  deposit.  Next 
to  this  knife,  the  largest  chipped  object  found,  a  spear  head,  occurred  in 
grave  74  and  is  numbered  50535.  It  measures  17  cm.  in  length,  and  5  cm.  in 
width.  It  is  unusual  to  find  more  than  one  or  two  chipped  objects  in  the 
same  deposit,  but  in  grave  14  at  Hartford's  three  long  chipped  projectile 
points  lay  in  the  ocher.  They  are  nos.  50261,  50262,  and  50263,  and  measure 
respectively:  19  cm.  x  3.9  cm.  x  11  mm.;  12.9  cm.  x  3.3  cm.  x  13  mm.;  11.8 
cm.  x  3.5  cm.  x  9  mm.  In  fig.  48,  all  the  specimens  are  made  of  a  variety  of 
translucent  quartzite  which  is  known  to  exist  in  Labrador  but  at  present 
writing  has  not  been  found  in  situ  in  the  State  of  Maine.  The  geologist, 
Mr.  W.  B.  Smith,  has  searched  in  Maine  for  a  deposit  but  has  been  unable  to 
find  one. 

Polished  Slate  Spears.  The  Alamoosook  unit  produced  very  few  of  the 
long  slender  slate  spears  or  daggers.  The  one  shown  in  fig.  24,  in  position  in 
a  grave  at  Emerson's,  is  the  only  one  found  intact,  although  there  were  some 
fragments.  As  there  were  long  slender  spear  points  taken  from  the  graves 
at  Bucksport,  Ellsworth,  and  Blue  Hill,  by  Mr.  Willoughby,  Mr.  Woodcock, 
Mr.  Haskell,  and  others,  it  seems  strange  that,  with  four  Red  Paint  cemeter- 
ies on  the  shores  of  or  near  to  Lake  Alamoosook,  practically  none  of  these  ob- 
jects were  placed  in  the  graves  there.  However,  there  were  many  short  spear 
points,  most  of  them  exceedingly  well  wrought  and  highly  polished.  In  figs. 
57  and  58  a  number  of  these  objects  from  several  different  cemeteries  are 
shown  together,  as  the  types  are  the  same  everywhere.  Of  the  twelve  shown, 
five  are  from  Emerson's  cemetery,  three  from  Stevens's,  and  one  each  from 
Sullivan  Falls,  Hartford's,  Wentworth's  and  Haskell's.  The  narrow,  thin 
forms  in  fig.  57  came,  two  from  Emerson's  and  one  each  from  Haskell's  and 
Sullivan  Falls.  There  appear  to  be  few  if  any  of  these  objects  from  the  graves 
in  Godfrey's  and  Hathaway's  cemeteries,  up  the  Penobscot.  The  small 
spear  heads  are  broad  and  flat,  the  longer  ones  narrow  and  usually  hexag- 
onal in  cross  section,  seldom  flat.  With  few  exceptions  all  the,  slate  spear 
heads  are  delicately  worked  out,  great  care  being  exercised  itl^their  manu- 
facture. The  larger  ones  are  wrought  out  of  the  best  ribbon  slate.  Fig.  58 
shows  the  finest  specimens  taken  from  the  graves,  except  one  found  at 
Winslow  in  the  Lancaster  cemetery,  which  is  now  in  the  collection  of  the 
Bangor  Historical  Society.  The  specimen  shown  in  the  upper  left  corner 
in  fig.  58  has  a  grooved  and  notched  top,  such  as  has  not  been  observed  in 
other  examples. 

Stones,  Pebbles,  Grinding  Tools,  etc.    Reference  has  been  made  a  number 


FIG.  52.     Series  of  plummets  from  the  cemeteries.    S.  about  2-3.    See  page  108. 


114 

of  times  to  the  large  stones  that  sometimes  occur  beside  the  grave  or  deposit 
One  of  these  is  shown  in  fig.  23,  which  represents  grave  61  of  Emerson's  cem- 
etery, as  it  was  found.  Two  sides  of  this  rock  were  stained  red  by  the  ocher. 

In  proportion  to  the  number  of  graves  found  at  Mason's,  the  bright 
colored  pebbles  two  or  three  centimeters  in  diameter,  the  so-called  "lucky 
stones,"  were  rather  numerous.  As  they  show  no  signs  of  artificial  fashion- 
ing they  were  apparently  picked  up  by  the  natives  along  the  beach  because 
the  color  attracted  them.  Similar  pebbles  found  at  Godfrey's  cemetery 
showed  signs  of  abrasion,  but  the  Emerson  and  Mason  stones  did  not. 

In  Hartford's  site  were  several  of  the  thin  flat  sandstone  or  shale  rub- 
bing or  smoothing  stones  and  also  a  few  larger  and  thicker  stone  slabs. 
Some  of  these  are  perhaps  large  enough  to  have  been  used  to  grind  corn  on. 
In  this  cemetery  as  well  as  at  Emerson's,  but  not  at  Mason's,  there  were  a 
number  of  very  rude  and  rough  objects  of  stone.  These  have  been  observed 
in  other  cemeteries,  particularly  at  the  Tarr  site  on  Georges  River.  In  the 
same  cemetery  there  would  occur  graves  containing  objects  carefully 
wrought  and  polished  and  also  interments  with  which  there  were  very  few 
implements  and  these  of  coarse  and  crude  manufacture. 

From  the  tabulation  of  the  details  of  all  these  objects  little  more  was 
learned  than  from  a  general  study  of  the  collection.  The  exact  use  of  many 
of  the  specimens  perhaps  will  never  be  known,  as  no  one  has  seen  them 
hafted  and  in  the  hands  of  their  Indian  owners.  Experiments  should 
however  be  made  at  some  future  time,  with  these  tools  inserted  in  various 
kinds  of  handles.  From  such  a  study  many  details  of  interest  and  value  to 
science  might  be  obtained. 

THE  ELLSWORTH  UNIT 

The  cemeteries  at  Sullivan  Falls  and  Blue  Hill  (Haskell's)  and  the 
Ellsworth  site  explored  about  thirty  years  ago  by  Mr.  Willoughby  may  be 
taken  together  as  forming  the  Ellsworth  unit.  The  last  named  is  approxi- 
mately the  same  distance  from  Lake  Alamoosook  as  from  Blue  Hill,  but  the 
presence  of  slate  spears  seem  to  relate  this  site  culturally  more  closely  with 
the  latter.  Sullivan  Falls  seems  somewhat  different  from  the  others,  but  as 
at  least  four  fifths  of  it  had  been  dug  out  during  the  railroad  operations  re- 
ferred to  above,  our  comparisons  cannot  in  any  case  be  exact.  We  found 
there  no  long  slate  spears  and  no  large  objects,  no  perforated  stones  or 
problematical  forms,  while  only  one  or  two  crescents  were  secured.  Our 
field  records  of  Haskell's  cemetery  are  greatly  inferior  to  Mr.  Willoughby's 
at  Alamoosook,  because,  as  explained  on  page  28,  it  was  not  possible  for  us 
to  make  detailed  observations.  We  will  confine  our  text  and  illustrations 
here  to  noting  the  differences  between  these  three  sites  in  general  and  other 
areas  and  sites,  the  reader  taking  it  for  granted  that  the  ordinary  types 
found  at  Alamoosook  occur  here  also. 


THE    ELLSWORTH    UNIT  115 

The  Sullivan  Falls  specimens  are  stained  by  yellow  ocher,  which  pre- 
dominated there.  Much  of  the  decayed  pyrites,  of  which  there  was  a  great 
deal  in  all  the  Sullivan  Falls  graves,  was  also  a  bright  yellow.  Some  of  our 
graves  at  Orland  and  one  of  the  Ellsworth  graves  show  the  presence  of 
yellow  ocher  instead  of  red,  and  Mr.  Willoughby  has  expressed  the  opinion 
that  this  yellow  powder  may  be  due  to  decay  of  iron  pyrites.  Many  of  the 
pebbles  containing  iron  are  yellow  or  have  turned  yellow  upon  disintegra- 
tion. 

The  striking  feature  of  Haskell's  cemetery  was  the  number  of  long 
dagger-like  slate  points.  We  have  on  exhibition  at  Andover  eleven  per- 
fect ones,  six  half  lengths,  and  three  broken  ones  of  which  a  third  of  the 
length  remains.  The  Bangor  Historical  Society  has  a  perfect  one.  Mr. 
Haskell  had  at  the  time  of  our  exploration  some  three  or  four,  the  workmen 
two  or  three,  and  Mr.  Smith  has  recovered  several,  hence  we  may  assume 
that  the  Haskell  cemetery  originally  contained  as  many  as  thirty  and  per- 
haps more  of  these  delicate  objects. 

Next  to  the  slate  points,  the  size  and  symmetry  of  the  adze  and  hatchet 
blades  should  be  noted.  Some  of  these  have  been  shown  in  connection  with 
the  Alamoosook  specimens  in  figs.  42  and  51. 

The  Ellsworth  unit  produced  not  a  few  interesting  plummets.  Four 
of  the  more  ordinary  shapes  from  Haskell's  and  Sullivan  Falls  are  shown  in 
figs.  52  (nos.  52378,  52460,  52524,  52531)  and  all  specialized  plummets  in 
figs.  59  and  60.  The  one  on  the  lower  left  (fig.  54), from  Sullivan  Falls,  sug- 
gests a  human  trunk.*  Dotted  lines  and  grooves  seem  to  have  been  the  fav- 
orite decorations  at  Sullivan  Falls.  At  Haskell's  there  were  doubly  grooved 
plummets  and  also  the  globular  form  shown  in  fig.  52  at  the  top.  A 
peculiarity  was  noted  in  the  Hathaway  plummets,  the  groove  or  neck  being 
unusually  wide,  whereas  in  most  plummets  it  is  a  deep,  narrow  cut  or 
line. 

Inspection  of  the  figures  scattered  through  this  report  will  show  that 
the  objects  classed  as  plummets  and  effigies  might  be  arranged  in  a  single 
series  with  no  sharp  line  of  demarcation,  although  the  extremes  would  be 
clearly  differentiated.  The  same  is  true  of  certain  other  types  or  artifacts. 
A  graduated  series  of  objects,  carefully  selected,  may  begin  with  one  well- 
established  type  and  end  with  another.  Hence  one  observer  will  classify  a 
grooved  or  notched  stone  as  a.  plummet  and  another  student  consider  it  a 
small  pendant  or  effigy. 

TUP:  BANGOR  UNIT 

Under  this  head  we  include  Godfrey's  cemetery  at  Oldtown,  the  W.  B. 
Smith  village-cemetery  site  above  Bangor,  and  two  sites  on  the  Passadum- 

*  Probably  the  workmen  at  both  these  sites  discarded  many  plummets  and  natural  concretions, 
thinking  them  to  be  ordinary  stones. 


FIG.  53.     Two  large  plummets.    One  to  the  right  from  Stevens',  the  other  from  Hartford's.  Size.  5-7. 


FIG.  54.  Six  objects  from  the  cemeteries.  At  the  top,  to  left,  one  of  the  digging  tools  or  hoes.  These 
are  never  found  in  the  graves.  Below  a  specialized  plummet  from  Sullivan  Falls.  At  the  top,  to  the 
right,  a  crescent  from  Sullivan  Falls;  below  a  specialized  plummet  from  Haskell's;  next  a  flat,  perforated 
crescent  (thin  sandstone)  from  Hartford's.  Lower  right  hand  corner  pennate  form  from  Emerson's. 
S.  2-3. 


FIG.  55.     Three  small,  thin,  sandstone  ornaments  and  a  long  needle-shaped  object  from  Hartford, 
and  Sullivan  Falls  Cemeteries.     S.  1-2. 


I 


Fig.  56.    The  longer  slate  spears  from  Emerson's,  Haskell's  and  Stevens'  Cemeteries.    Attention  is 
called  to  the  one  at  the  right  which  is  unfinished.    S.  2-3. 


120  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

keag,  Hathaway's  and  the  sand-pit  cemetery  described  below.  Of  the  four 
the  second  is  by  far  the  most  important  and  it  is  treated  of  at  length  in  our 
conclusions  as  to  the  Red  Paint  People.  See  p.  134  to  143. 

The  sand  pit  is  in  a  long  ridge  composed  of  very  fine  clear  sand,  on  the 
north  side  of  Passadumkeag  stream,  about  a  kilometer  above  the  village  of 
Passadumkeag.  A  number  of  graves  were  once  found  here  by  men  engaged 
in  hauling  sand,  and  Mr.  Marks,  who  was  present  when  this  discovery  was 
made,  secured  five  gouges  of  different  forms  from  any  previously  known. 
They  are  nos.  50976,  50977,  50978,  50981  and  50991  in  the  Andover  cata- 
logue. We  saw  several  more  of  these  thin,  beautifully  wrought  gouges  in 
the  possession  of  a  Mr.  Whittier  when  we  were  at  Passadumkeag  in  1912. 
All  these  gouges  possess  very  graceful  curves  and  lines.  They  were  made  of 
selected  slabs  of  a  fine  hard  sandstone  and  each  tool,  after  shaping,  was 
given  a  high  polish.  The  three  largest  are  shown  in  fig.  61.  They  all  have 
very  sharp  edges  and  in  two  of  them  the  groove  is  V-shaped,  being  exceed- 
ingly wide  at  the  cutting  edge  and  narrowing  almost  to  a  point  at  the  top. 
Forms  so  different  from  those  found  in  other  Red  Paint  graves  seemed  to 
indicate  a  special  development  in  gouge  making  among  the  people  who 
buried  in  this  spot,  and  prompted  us  to  make  further  diligent  search.  \Ve 
dug  many  holes,  but  could  find  no  more  graves  in  the  sand  pit. 

A  number  of  gouges  of  very  fine  green  slate  and  light  green  granite 
were  found  in  the  Hathaway  cemetery.  The  workmanship  was  of  the  same 
general  character  and  the  tools  were  apparently  made  by  a  few  individuals. 
No  such  definite  statement  can  be  made  of  any  other  cemetery,  but  Hatha- 
way's, being  concentrated  and  undisturbed,  presented  an  opportunity  not 
found  elsewhere,  for  detailed  study  of  local  characteristics.  Careful  exam- 
ination of  the  gouges,  ornaments  and  other  objects,  in  their  technique  of 
pecking,  polishing  and  sharpening,  and  especially  in  their  form  and  outline, 
material,  etc.,  clearly  indicate  that  the  individuals  who  made  use  of  them 
followed  certain  definite  patterns  and  processes.  While  not  wishing  to  go 
too  far  in  drawing  conclusions,  the  writer  is  of  the  opinion  that  we  have  here 
the  results  of  skilled  workmanship,  the  objects  being  apparently  made  in  one 
village  and  perhaps  by  members  of  one  clan  or  family.  Figs.  16,  17,  35 
and  41  show  some  of  these  artifacts.  There  were  a  few  rough  tools  at 
Hathaway's,  but  the  average  excellence  was  much  higher  than  in  other 
places,  excepting  Blue  Hill,  which  is  in  a  class  by  itself. 

This  cemetery  at  Passadumkeag  lay  near  enough  to  Godfrey's  at 
Oldtown  to  be  treated  in  conjunction  with  it.  In  both  of  them  the  dom- 
inant feature  was  the  number  of  long,  perforated  problematical  forms,  [such 
as  have  been  discussed  on  p.  54],  Mr.  Godfrey  found  twenty-one  in  his 
cemetery.  Six  from  the  Hathaway  site  are  shown  in  fig.  35,  about  one 
third  size.  No.  50816  is  of  fine-grained  sandstone.  It  was  found  in  grave 
150  together  with  two  others,  one  of  which  varies  from  the  prevailing  type  in 


THE   ST.    GEORGES   RIVER   UNIT  121 

being  convex  on  one  edge  and  straight  on  the  other,  while  the  third  one  was 
smaller.  These  forms  are  usually  slender,  seldom  broad  or  oval.  These 
long  pendants  seem  to  occur  chiefly  in  graves  where  there  are  large  stone 
tools,  and  have  not  been  found  at  sites  where  small  stone  objects  predom- 
inate, such  as  Stevens's,  Emerson's,  Tarr's,  or  Sullivan  Falls.  An  exception 
is  Blue  Hill,  where  many  finely  wrought  large  objects  occurred  in  most  of 
the  graves,  but  there  were  none  of  the  forms  just  described. 

These  pendants  have  been  thought  by  some  to  be  tool-sharpeners  or 
special  rubbing  or  polishing  stones,  but  the  materials  of  which  they  are 
made  are  too  frail  and  soft  to  serve  satisfactorily  for  grinding,  and  careful 
inspection  of  the  surfaces  fails  to  reveal  any  hollows  or  depressions  due  to 
continuous  rubbing.  They  are  also  not  stout  enough  to  give  the  heavy 
blows  necessary  in  fighting  or  in  hunting,  without  breaking.  On  the  whole, 
the  term  ornament  may  most  appropriately  be  applied  to  them.  Like  all 
other  objects  found  in  Red  Paint  Graves,  they  are  in  no  special  position, 
and  we  can  obtain  no  clue  to  their  use  from  this  source.  If  the  skeletons  had 
been  preserved,  it  is  quite  possible  that  one  might  get  some  light  on  this  and 
other  mysteries,  through  the  relative  position  of  objects  upon  the  arms, 
breast,  or  other  parts  of  the  body . 

Adze  blades  were  common  in  the  Bangor  unit  but  not  many  of  the 
smaller,  thin  hatchet  blades  or  celts  occurred.  Godfrey  found  numbers  of 
chipped  objects  on  his  site  but  we  observed  that  they  were  scarce  at  Hath- 
away's.  We  found  two  bipennate  forms  and  Mr.  Godfrey  obtained  five  from 
his  graves.  He  lists  in  his  catalogue  a  bird  stone,  sixty-one  gouges,  eight 
adze  blades,  three  hatchets,  and  various  small  hard  pebbles,  plummets  and 
other  forms. 

In  the  Hathaway  graves  there  was  so  much  ocher,  both  red  and  yellow, 
that  a  great  many  of  the  objects  were  badly  disintegrated.  There  was  more 
ocher  here  than  in  any  other  of  the  cemeteries  examined  by  our  survey. 

THE  ST.  GEORGES  RIVER  UNIT 

The  three  cemeteries  in  the  Georges  River  valley,  Hart's  Falls,  Tarrs, 
and  Stevens's,  all  lie  within  ten  kilometers  of  each  other,  making  this  unit 
more  concentrated  than  any  other  except  that  at  Lake  Alamoosook.  There 
is  not  much  to  be  said  writh  reference  to"  the  specimens  found  except  that  the 
implements  from  the  Tarr  and  Stevens  cemeteries  and  most  of  those  from 
Hart's  Falls  were  rather  small,  being  below  the  general  average  in  size. 

Hart's  Falls  cemetery  was  dug  out  some  twenty  years  ago  by  Dr.  Alden 
and  a  Mr.  Leach.  No  record  of  their  excavations  was  kept  but  some  inter- 
esting things  were  found.  A  fish  effigy  made  of  fine-grained  sandstone, 
shown  in  fig.  39,  is  probably  the  best  aboriginal  carving  from  any  of  the  Red 
Paint  People  graves.  One  of  the  long  slate  daggers  or  spears  shown  in  fig.  62 
is  also  from  Hart's  Falls.  They  are  almost  too  broad  to  be  classed  as  spear 


Fig.  57.     The  smaller  slate,  projectile  points  indicating  for  the  most  part  high  workmanship.    From 

various  sites.    S.  1-2. 


Fia.  58      Specialized  slate  spear  points,  both  large  and  small,  a  crescent  and  a  problematical 

.   form.     S.  5-8. 


124  MAINE   ARCHAEOLOGY 

heads.  The  larger  one  has  a  well  developed  handle  which  fits  the  hand  most 
conveniently.  It  was  probably  used  as  a  hand  weapon  and  not  haf ted.  This 
one  is  30  cm.,  the  other  23  cm.  long.  Both  are  highly  polished  and  very  care- 
fully wrought  into  form. 

An  unfinished  slate  spear  from  Stevens's  is  shown  in  fig.  56  at  the  right. 
It  has  been  chipped  out  but  not  ground  or  polished.  This  is  wider  than  the 
average  slate  spear  and  somewhat  shorter,  being  23  cm.  in  length.  When 
finished  it  would  not  have  been  of  the  hexagonal  type,  but  of  the  flat  va- 
riety. The  broken  spear  next  it,  no.  59147  from  Hart's  Falls,  is  also  flat. 
Of  the  other  two  in  the  group,  from  Emerson's  and  Haskell's  cemeteries, 
the  one  at  the  right  is  hexagonal.  Attention  is  called  to  the  differences  in 
the  tops,  to  their  notches  near  the  shoulders,  and  the  form  of  the  bases. 

In  Stevens's  cemetery  there  were  some  small  slate  points  similar  to 
those  shown  in  fig.  57.  Small  hatchet  blades  preponderated  rather  than 
large  adze  blades  or  large  gouges.  There  was  one  very  large  plummet  per- 
forated at  one  end  and  grooved  at  the  other  which  is  shown  in  fig.  53,  to- 
gether with  a  similar  object  from  Hartford's.  It  is  18  cm.  in  length  and  8  cm. 
in  thickness,  the  neck  being  4  cm.  broad.  Numbers  of  crescents  with  some 
small  effigies  and  unusual  forms  in  ornaments  occurred  on  this  site.  Fig.  58 
shows  one  of  the  problematical  forms  found  here.  It  is  a  small  stone  with 
eight  perforations  for  which  we  can  assign  no  other  use  than  ornamentation. 
Another  is  a  long  awl-like  object  perforated  at  the  top  and  shown  in  fig.  63. 
The  others  are  an  animal  head  and  a  peculiar  diamond-shaped  plummet. 
These  forms  probably  indicate  individual  fancy  and  manufacture  on  the  part 
of  the  native  and  cannot  be  classified  as  types. 

A  few  centimeters  below  the  sod  in  the  Stevens  and  other  cemeteries 
were  found  several  broad  tools  of  the  form  shown  in  the  upper  left  specimen 
in  fig.  54.  We  took  them  to  be  stone  hoes  that  were  used  in  digging  the 
graves.  None  of  them  were  ever  found  in  the  graves  themselves. 

There  is  little  to  add  to  these  brief  observations  on  Stevens's  cemetery, 
since  the  prevailing  forms  are  of  the  same  character  as  those  described  on 
preceding  pages. 

THE  KENNEBEC  UNIT 

This  comprehends  Lancaster's  cemetery  in  the  town  of  Winslow, 
Wentworth's  cemetery  at  Oakland  and  a  cemetery  in  Waterville  on  the 
bank  of  the  Kennebec,  which  was  destroyed  some  thirty  years  ago.  Some 
objects  from  the  Kennebec  cemetery  are  exhibited  in  the  Peabody  Museum. 
They  include  a  number  of  long  perforated  ornaments  and  a  long,  light 
spear  of  granite,  angular  in  section  and  measuring  about  31  cm.  in  length. 
It  is  not  very  well  made,  only  the  point  and  part  of  the  shaft  being  fully 
worked,  the  handle  left  rough.  The  other  objects  shown  are  practically  the 
same  as  those  found  in  the  Lancaster  and  Wentworth  sites. 


REVIEW   AND    CONCLUSIONS  125 

REVIEW  AND  CONCLUSIONS 

In  our  descriptions  of  cemeteries  and  types  of  artifacts  we  have  present- 
ed various  observations  which  bear  directly  on  the  culture  of  the  Red  Paint 
People.  These  should  now  be  summed  up  and  some  special  observations 
made  upon  the  peculiarities  of  this  culture  so  far  as  we  are  able  to  determine 
them  after  an  examination  of  many  graves,  and  upon  its  relation  to  other 
aboriginal  cultures  of  North  America. 

From  all  that  the  writer  of  this  report  can  ascertain,  the  credit  for  the 
original  discovery  of  this  peculiar  culture  belongs  to  a  citizen  of  Maine,  Dr. 
Augustus  C.  Hamlin  of  Bangor.  He  was  much  interested  in  the  history  of 
the  state  and  nearly  fifty  years  ago  he  discovered  numbers  of  stone  imple- 
ments imbedded  in  deposits  of  brilliant  red  ocher.  In  the  early  eighties  at  a 
meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  he 
called  the  attention  of  the  late  Professor  Frederick  W.  Putnam,  of  Har- 
vard University,  to  these  burials,  and  Professor  Putnam,  realizing  the  im- 
portance of  the  discovery,  detailed  his  assistant,  Mr.  Charles  C.  Willoughby 
to  investigate.  Between  1888  and  1892  Mr.  Willoughby  went  to  Maine 
and  excavated  the  three  cemeteries  to  which  we  have  often  referred,  — one 
near  Bucksport,  another  on  Lake  Alamoosook,  and  a  third  at  Ellsworth  - 
all  lying  within  a  radius  of  twenty-seven  kilometers. 

Nearly  thirty  prehistoric  burial  places  have  now  been  discovered  or  are 
known  to  have  existed  in  the  State  of  Maine,  which  must  be  classed  together 
because  of  the  similarity  of  culture  which  they  present.  The  people  to  whom 
they  belong  have  been  named  the  Red  Paint  People,  as  explained  above, 
because  the  most  conspicuous  feature  of  their  culture  is  the  use  of  pow- 
dered hematite  or  red  ocher  in  considerable  quantity,  with  each  interment. 
In  the  case  of  graves  discovered  and  destroyed  many  years  ago,  we  often 
have  no  other  evidence  of  their  character  than  the  tradition  of  red  paint, 
but  when  the  contents  are  preserved,  the  occurrence  of  certain  types  of  stone 
artifacts,  showing  only  local  variation  in  manufacture  and  distribution,  is 
an  almost  equally  important  ground  for  our  classification.  Less  tangible 
but  still  important  evidence  is  the  appearance  of  great  antiquity  in  the 
graves  themselves  and  in  their  contents.  This  condition  can  be  fully  appre- 
ciated only  after  long  and  close  observation  on  the  spot.  It  includes  the 
almost  complete  disappearance  of  human  remains,  the  disintegration  of  many 
of  the  stone  implements  as  well  as  of  the  iron  pyrites,  and  the  absence  in 
most  cases  of  any  clear  outlines  of  graves  or  pits,  due  to  the  re-stratification 
of  the  gravel  or  other  soil  in  which  they  were  dug. 

The  belt  or  area  occupied  by  the  known  Red  Paint  People  cemeteries  is 
about  one  hundred  and  ninety-five  kilometers  north  and  south  and  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  east  and  west,  from  Mt.  Kineo  to  Frenchman's 
Bay  and  from  Sullivan  Falls  to  Oakland.  There  may  be  others  beyond  these 


FIG.  59.  Specialized  plummets 'from  the  various  cemeteries.  Some  of  them  are  decorated  with 
incised  lines,  notably  the  one  in  the  center  on  the  left.  A  drawing  is  presented  of  this  in  fig.  60,  full  size. 
In  the  lower  left  hand  corner  is  an  imitation  of  a  deer's  foot.  S.  about  5-8. 


REVIEW    AND    CONCLUSIONS  127 

limits,  but  up  to  the  present  writing  we  have  not  been  able  to  find  any.  None 
were  discovered  in  the  St.  Croix  and  Grand  Lakes  region  or  on  the  middle 
St.  John,  although  we  observed  a  typical  sand-stone  pendant,  some  thirty 
centimeters  long,  in  the  possession  of  a  doctor  at  Princeton  on  the  St. 
Croix.  Whether  the  culture  will  be  found  to  extend  east  of  the  Machias 
valley  and  into  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  is  problematical.  No 
work  has  been  done  in  that  section. 

We  give  below  the  names  of  twenty-three  Red  Paint  Cemeteries  of 
which  there  is  some  record,  with  data  as  to  when  and  by  whom  they  were 
excavated,  and  where  the  objects  found  are  preserved  so  far  as  is  known.  A 
few  other  cemeteries  are  known  which  have  not  been  explored.  In  the  case 
of  three,  permission  to  do  this  cannot  be  obtained  from  the  owners  of  the 
land.  Probably  there  are  others  in  localities  where  farmers  have  plowed  up 
the  well  known  types.  We  have  prospected  in  many  such  places  but  were 
never  able  to  find  the  exact  spot  where  burials  had  been  made. 

The  total  number  of  graves  opened  by  the  Phillips  Academy  survey  at 
twelve  sites  is  approximately  four  hundred  and  forty.  The  estimated  total 
for  the  twenty-three  cemeteries  is  fourteen  hundred  and  forty.  This 
estimate,  apart  from  the  writer's  personal  observation,  is  based  upon  con- 
versation with  witnesses  who  had  been  present  when  the  sites  were  opened 
and  upon  comparisons  between  the  number  of  graves  found  in  undisturbed 
sites  and  the  total  number  of  ocher  deposits  in  disturbed  sites,  where  many 
traces  of  ocher  are  found  near  the  surface  without  any  buried  objects. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  state  accurately  the  total  number  of  objects  in 
the  conjectural  fourteen  hundred  and  forty  graves,  but  as  a  conservative 
estimate  I  would  suggest  an  average  of  five  objects  to  each  grave,  making  a 
total  of  seventy  two  hundred  artifacts  and  other  objects.  The  correct  num- 
ber may  be  more  or  possibly  less. 

List  of  Red  Paint  Cemeteries,  arranged  by  locality : 
Kineo  Hotel  site,  Mt.  Kineo.    A  few  graves  found  many  years 
ago.    Destroyed  by  hotel  workmen. 

Wentworth  cemetery,  Oakland  1920.    Phillips  Academy.    Most 
of  the  objects  are  in  Dr.  J.  H.  Wilson's  Museum  at  Castine. 

Kennebec  cemetery,  Waterville.  Destroyed  thirty  years  ago. 
A  few  objects  in  Peabody  Museum. 

Lancaster's  cemetery,  Winslow.    1919.    Bangor  Historical  So- 
%     ciety. 

Pemaquid  Pond  cemetery,  Pemaquid.  Destroyed  twenty-five 
years  ago.  Arthur  Phelps.  Some  objects  in  Peabody  Museum. 

Hart's  Falls,  Georges  River.  Opened  many  years  ago  by  Dr. 
Alden  and  Mr.  Leach.  Two  hundred  objects  in  possession  of  A.  C. 
Gannett,  for  Fort  Weston  Museum,  Augusta. 

Tarr's  cemetery,  Warren.     1915.      Some  taken  by  visitors. 
Phillips  Academy. 


FIG.  60.     Full  size  drawing  showing  markings  on  the  plummet  referred 
to  in  fig.  59.    From  HaskelPs. 


B 
I 

J 

-7 


I 
1 


3 

= 

I 


130  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

Stevens's  cemetery,  Warren.      1915.      Phillips  Academy. 

Sand  pit  cemetery,  Passadumkeag.  Destroyed  about  twenty 
years  ago.  Some  objects  in  A.  E.  Marks  collection  at  Phillips 
Academy,  others  lost. 

Hathaway 's  cemetery,  Passadumkeag.  1912.  Phillips  Acad- 
emy. 

Godfrey's  cemetery,  Oldtown.  1890-1919.  Fred  Godfrey  and 
Phillips  Academy. 

Village  cemetery  site  above  Bangor.  1913-1916.  W.  B. 
Smith. 

Center  of  Bucksport  town.  Many  graves  found  fifty  or  more 
years  ago.  Destroyed. 

Blodgett's  tannery,  Bucksport.  1891.  C.  C.  Willoughby. 
Some  objects  in  Peabody  Museum. 

Holway's  cemetery,  Orland  village.  1893.  A.  E.  Marks. 
Some  objects  in  Phillips  Academy  Museum. 

Hartford's  cemetery,  Orland  village.  1912.  Phillips  Acad- 
emy. 

Soper's  knoll  cemetery,  Lake  Alamoosook.  1892.  C.  C.  Wil- 
loughby. Peabody  Museum. 

Emerson's   cemetery,    Lake   Alamoosook.     1912.     Phillips 
Academy. 

Mason's    cemetery,    Lake   Alamoosook.      1912.      Phillips 
Academy. 

Ellsworth  cemetery,  a  mile  above  town.  1893-94.  C.  C.  Wil- 
loughby. Peabody  Museum. 

Ellsworth  Falls.  About  1910.  Destroyed  by  road  builders. 
A  few  objects  saved  by  W.  B.  Smith. 

Haskell's  cemetery,  Blue  Hill.  1913.  Phillips  Academy. 
Largely  destroyed  by  workmen. 

Sullivan  Falls  cemetery,  Frenchman's  Bay.     1913.      Phillips 
Academy.    Largely  destroyed  in  digging  a  railroad  cut,  about  1885. 
The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  known  specimens  from  Red 
Paint  graves  in  the  United  States.     The  figures  in  many  cases  estimates 
rather  than  accurate  statements,  but  the  general  total  may  be  accepted  as 
not  less  than  six  thousand.     How  many  have  been  lost,  we  do  not  know, 
but  I  think  the  percentage  of  preserved  artifacts  to  the  total  number  found 
is  unusually  high. 

Phillips  Academy  Museum,  Andover,  Mass 1720* 

Walter  B.  Smith,  Brewer,  Maine 880 

State  Museum,  Augusta,  Maine     650 

*Some  of  these  have  since  been  sent  to  other  museums. 


FIG.  62.     To  the  right,  long,  slate,  dagger-like  object  from  Hart's  Falls  Cemetery;  to  the  left, 
smaller  implement  from  Holway's  site  at  Orland.     S.  1-2. 


FIG.  63.  Four  interesting  objects,  50675,  a  cup-like  concretionary  formation  from  Mason's; 
a  ring-like  object  Emerson's;  (50734)  long,  perforated  stone  needle,  lower  right  hand  corner,  from 
Stevens';  and  a  curious  claw-shaped  object  at  the  top,  use  unknown,  from  Stevens'  Cemetery.  S.  6-7. 


W.    B.    SMITH   PAPER  133 

Bangor  Historical  Society    650 

Peabody  Museum,  Harvard  University      350 

Maine  Historical  Society,  Portland 150 

Fred  Godfrey,  Oldtown    210 

Dr.  J.  Howard  Wilson's  Museum,  Castine     200 

Fort  Weston  Museum,  Augusta 200 

Museum  of  the  American  Indian,  New  York 125 

Coburn  Haskell,  Blue  Hill,  Me 100 

R.  G.  Hazard .  . 60 

George  F.    Johnson 90 

Knox  Co.  Historical  Society,  (Thomaston)     28 

Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington,  D.  C.  50 


5,463 

The  striking  feature  of  this  culture  is  the  large  quantity  of  powdered 
hematite,  apparently  brought  from  the  great  natural  deposit  at  Katahdin 
Iron  Works  in  central  Maine.  Mr.  James  C.  Graham  of  Phillips  Academy 
has  analyzed  the  hematite  from  graves  at  Sullivan  Falls  and  Lake  Alamoo- 
sook  and  from  the  natural  deposit  on  the  mountain  side  at  Katahdin  Iron 
Works.  The  Katahdin  hematite  contains  74%  ferric  oxide;  Emerson  cem- 
etery, 55.4%;  SulliVan  Falls,  57.43%.  This  shrinkage  of  17%  to  19%  is 
natural,  since  the  hematite  in  the  graves  is  more  or  less  mixed  with  earth 
and  was  transported  presumably  in  Indian  canoes  some  two  hundred  kilo- 
meters. Mr.  Graham  believes  that  the  Katahdin  outcrop  furnished  the  ma- 
terial for  the  Red  Paint  People  and  that  the  deposits  in  the  graves  are  abor- 
iginal and  not  obtained  from  traders. 

Twenty  percent  of  the  stone  tools  have  begun  to  disintegrate;  only 
eighty  per  cent  are  perfect.  Whether  the  disintegration  is  due  to  chemical 
action  of  the  oxides  in  the  nodules  of  iron  pyrites  was  not  known  until  we 
made  a  study  and  found  that  the  action  of  the  oxides  does  affect  or  eat  stone. 
The  disintegration  is  heaviest  where  the  pyrites  comes  in  contact  with  the 
tools.  The  red  paint  itself  does  not  seem  to  affect  the  objects. 

The  fragments  of  bones  found  in  Lancaster's  cemetery  at  Winslow  have 
already  been  identified  as  human.  See  p.  100.  Another  small  fragment  was 
imbedded  in  a  mass  of  ocher  in  one  of  the  graves  of  the  Emerson  group. 
This  is  too  small  for  positive  identification,  but  the  opinion  has  been  ex- 
pressed that  it  also  is  human. 

Any  complete  statement  or  discussion  of  the  contents  of  the  Red  Paint 
graves  would  add  to  the  seven  classes  of  artifacts  previously  described 
(gouges,  adze  and  hatchet  blades,  plummets,  ornaments,  problematical 
forms,  slate  spears,  chipped  objects)  an  eighth  class  to  include  the  un- 
worked  stones  or  minerals,  namely:  hammer  stones,  paint  grinders,  bright 
pebbles,  fire  stones,  iron  pyrites,  and  the  red  paint  itself. 


134  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

Our  surveys  devoted  a  great  deal  of  work  to  trying  to  find,  if  possible, 
the  villages  occupied  by  the  Red  Paint  People,  but  were  never  able  positively 
to  identify  any  such  site.  Mr.  Walter  B.  Smith  of  Brewer,  Maine,  who  was 
with  us  several  times  and  might  properly  be  considered  a  member  of  our  ex- 
peditions, was  more  fortunate  than  the  others,  however.  He  found  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Penobscot,  a  few  kilometers  above  Bangor,  one  of  the  most 
interesting  sites  in  the  entire  state,  for  here  we  have  a  cemetery  in  which 
Algonkian  burials  are  clearly  superimposed  upon  Red  Paint  graves  and  also 
a  nearby  village  site  in  which  relics  of  both  cultures  are  found  on  and  near 
the  surface.  This  is  precisely  what  would  naturally  result  if  a  site  suitable 
for  habitation  were  successfully  occupied  by  an  earlier  and  a  later  popula- 
tion. 

The  following  description  and  discussion  as  well  as  the  illustrations,  are 
taken  from  an  unpublished  paper  prepared  by  Mr.  Smith  and  read  before  the 
Bangor  Historical  Society  in  October,  1920. 

INDIAN  VILLAGE  SITE  NEAR  BANGOR 

Within  a  few  miles  of  Bangor,  near  the  former  head  of  tide,  is  the  site  of 
one  of  these  ancient  villages.  This  particular  village  seems  to  have  been 
abandonecHbefore  the  arrival  of  white  men.  The  soil  has  been  cultivated  or 
pastured  for  considerably  more  than  a  century.  When  freshly  plowed, 
abundant  evidence  of  man's  occupation  of  the  spot  as  a  village  site  is  shown 
in  the  characteristic  blackened  soil,  rejectage  and  occasional  relics.  See 
fig.  64. 

Some  of  the  relics,  particularly  slate  lance-heads,  plummets,  gouges 
and  adze-celts,  though  mostly  fragmentary,  are  characteristic  of  the  Red 
Paint  culture.  For  this  reason  and  with  the  hope  of  locating  a  cemetery  of 
the  Red  Paint  People  or  of  finding  proof  that  this  site  was  occupied  by  them 
for  a  village,  considerable  systematic  prospecting  and  digging  in  and  about 
this  area  has  been  done  by  the  writer  as  his  time  permitted  during  the 
last  few  seasons  (1913-1916). . 

Judging  by  the  prevalence  of  relic-bearing  debris,  the  village  itself  was 
situated  a  short  distance  from  the  edge  of  the  river  bank,  just  far  enough  to 
be  out  of  sight  from  the  water.  Here  the  darkest  colored  dirt  and  the  most 
numerous  fragments  are  on  a  strip  of  land  about  twenty-three  meters  wide 
and  four  or  five  times  as  long,  parallel  to  the  river.  This  dark  dirt  varied 
considerably  in  depth  but  in  most  places  was  shallow  enough  to  have  been 
reached  by  deep  plowing.  Wherever  test  holes  showed  a  greater  thickness  or 
a  disturbed  condition  of  the  underlying  soil,  digging  was  resorted  to.  In 
this  manner  quite  a  number  of  fireholes  were  discovered  and  other  ancient 
pits  of  varying  sizes,  dug  for  unknown  purposes.  But  in  neither  soil,  fireholes 
nor  pits  were  relics  found  which  differed  noticeably  from  surface  specimens. 


W.    B.    SMITH    PAPER  135 

Indeed  complete  artifacts  were  rare,  but  many  small  fragments  of  pottery, 
discards  and  chips  were  encountered. 

The  fireholes  were  mostly  near  the  bank  and  shaped  like  inverted  cones. 
They  are  82  cm.  to  1  1-3  meters  deep  and  1  to  1  2-3  meters  across.  They 
show  the  effects  of  fire  and  are  filled  with  fire-burned  remains,  ashes,  char- 
coal, and  stones.  In  one  or  two  a  few  fish  vertebra  were  seen  and  layers 
of  white  ashes  like  that  from  burned  cedar  bark.  The  location  of  these  holes 
suggests  that  they  may  have  been  for  signal  fires. 

Many  other  places  were  found  in  which  there  is  a  concentration  of 
materials  similar  to  those  of  the  fireholes,  but  they  were  shallower  and  broad- 
er —  more  saucer  shaped.  These  probably  represent  lodge  fires,  as  they  are 
in  the  area  which  seems  to  have  contained  abodes.  A  few  relics  were  found 
in  and  about  these  places  —  mostly  arrow  points,  hammer  stones,  scrapers 
and  knives;  also  fragments  of  pottery  were  rather  common  in  these  shallow 
holes. 

In  two  places  where  the  dark  colored  undersoil  was  dug  out,  straight 
trenches  about  one  meter  in  width  and  depth  and  5J/2  to  6  meters  long  were 
revealed.  Many  fire-reddened  stones  weighing  up  to  two  or  three  pounds 
each,  were  found  near  by;  also  a  few  broken  stone  blades  which  may  have 
been  large  knives  or  spearheads,  and  pieces  of  gouges  or  celts  with  slightly 
curved  cutting  edges,  were  scattered  about  within  a  third  of  a  meter  of  the 
surface.  A  possible  explanation  of  these  trenches  is  that  they  were  made 
for  canoe  moulds. 

In  none  of  these  holes  nor  in  other  places  where  the  soil  had  been  dis- 
turbed to  a  depth  of  two  thirds  of  a  meter  to  one  meter,  were  any  traces  of 
red  paint  found.  It  may  be  mentioned  here,  however,  that  fragments  of 
worked  slate  as  well  as  a  few  sections  of  slate  lance  heads  and  several  un- 
finished pear-shaped  pendants  were  found  during  this  digging.  These,  to- 
gether with  the  types  of  specimens  previously  found  in  hunting  and  re- 
hunting  the  plowed  ground  of  this  area  for  many  years,  will  be  mentioned 
later. 

While  certain  relics  and  many  fragments  indicate  a  Red  Paint  period 
village,  many  other  objects  are  surely  identical  with  those  of  more  recent 
stone-working  tribes.  Still  others  seem  to  belong  neither  to  the  Red  Paint 
culture  nor  to  this  later  period.  Fortunately  further  evidence  was  discov- 
ered near  by. 

CREMATION  PITS.     (See  fig.  68) 

Adjacent  to  this  village  site  on  a  gentle  slope  of  slightly  higher  land 
several  acres  were  plowed  late  in  the  fall  of  1915.  This  plowing  was  deep 
and  the  upturned  furrows  showed  at  two  points  small,  jet  black  areas  per- 
haps two  thirds  of  a  meter  across.  The  black  substance  was  very  fine  in 
texture  and  seemed  to  be  lampblack  mixed  with  small  bits  of  calcined  bones, 


136  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

badly  broken  arrow  heads,  spear  points  and  charcoal.  The  soil  was  damp 
and  all  these  fragments  were  as  black  as  the  substance  in  which  they  were 
imbedded  —  a  condition  which  soon  affected  the  digger's  hands  and  cloth- 
ing. Test  holes  dug  near  by  soon  showed  the  presence  of  a  similar  but  un- 
disturbed deposit.  This  when  carefully  excavated  was  found  to  be  a  bowl- 
shaped  pit  about  one  and  one-sixth  meters  across  and  two-thirds  of  a  meter 
deep.  It  contained  the  incinerated  remains  of  bones  and  many  fragmentary 
relics  imbedded  in  a  dense  mass  of  lampblack  and  ashes. 

At  least  eight  such  cremation  pits  were  found  within  a  space  less  than 
six  meters  square.  In  one  case  two  were  in  contact,  in  another  probably 
three,  but  the  latter  were  bunched  so  closely  that  a  single  number  is  given 
them.  The  single  pits  varied  but  a  few  centimeters  from  a  diameter  of  one 
and  one  sixth  meters.  The  contents  of  all  were  similar  and  showed  effects 
of  very  hot  fires.  The  lamp-black  or  fine  black  carbon  surrounded  every- 
thing but  was  densest  in  the  center  of  the  pits.  The  outside  wall  and  bottom 
were  marked  by  a  more  or  less  clearly  defined  zone  of  dark  purplish-brown 
ashes  and  baked  earth,  and  proved  clearly  that  the  contents  of  the  pit  had 
been  bundled  up  and  burned  in  the  hole.  Broken  arrow  points  and  spear 
heads  were  numerous,  mostly  lying  on  top  of  the  bones  or  mixed  with  them 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  pits. 

OBJECTS  FOUND  IN  THE  CREMATION  PITS 

Perforators  and  Drills.  So-called  perforators  or  pieces  representing 
them  were  found  in  every  pit  but  one  —  from  two  to  six  or  eight  in  each . 
These  are  the  most  characteristic  objects  of  the  deposits.  No  more  careful 
or  delicate  chipping  is  known  than  that  exhibited  by  some  of  these  relics. 
A  very  few  are  entire,  a  few  others  though  badly  broken  have  been  restored 
by  cementing  the  pieces  together,  but  the  majority  were  so  badly  shattered 
by  fire  that  they  are  irretrievably  lost.  Fig.  65  shows  the  longest  one  found, 
complete  except  for  point.  Its  cross  section  is  nearly  square.  Perforators 
and  drills  are  rare  on  the  Penobscot  and  it  is  surprising  to  find  so  many  in 
these  pits.  Judging  by  the  pieces  found,  no  fewer  than  forty  were  buried 
here. 

Spearheads  and  Arrow  points.  It  was  plainly  seen  that  nearly  all  the 
chipped  blades  —  arrow  points  and  spear  heads  —  were  very  thin  and  re- 
markably well  made,  but  they  formed  such  a  jumble  of  fragments,  some  be- 
ing partly  fused  by  fire,  that  it  was  found  hopeless  to  fit  a  majority  of  them 
together.  A  few  had  escaped  breakage;  these  and  the  ones  that  could  be 
fitted  together  make  a  total  of  forty-five  complete  or  nearly  complete  exam- 
ples saved,  of  a  total  of  probably  one  hundred  and  fifty  that  were  originally 
buried.  Some  of  these  are  spear  heads,  others  are  undoubtedly  arrow  points, 
but  the  majority  are  of  that  intermediate  size  which  is  difficult  to  classify. 
The  largest  blades  seem  to  be  the  most  badly  broken;  the  pieces  found 


W.    B.    SMITH   PAPER  137 

indicate  a  total  length  of  12.4  cm.  to  14  cm.  for  a  few,  while  the  longest 
complete  one  is  a  little  under  10  cm.  But  whether  large  or  small,  they  are, 
with  few  exceptions,  remarkable  for  their  thinness  and  uniformity  of  shape 
and  their  decided  flare  at  the  shoulders.  Fig.  66  shows  the  outlines  of  a  few 
average  examples  correctly,  but  fails  to  do  justice  to  the  excellence  of  the 
chipping. 

Knives.  Some  of  the  above  objects  may  have  been  used  as  knives. 
Among  the  other  fragments  are  pieces  representing  about  half  a  dozen 
blades  with  a  plano-convex  cross-section,  that  almost  certainly  were  knives. 
Not  enough  material  was  recovered,  however,  to  complete  any  single  speci- 
men. 

Scrapers.  Two  scrapers  were  found.  They  are  made  of  milky  quartz 
and  both  were  broken.  They  are  without  stems  and  are  of  the  ordinary 
types  found  so  plentifully  hereabouts. 

A  variety  of  minerals  and  rocks  are  represented  by  these  chipped  ar- 
ticles. Among  them  the  Mt.  Kineo  quartz  porphyry  is  rather  prominent. 
In  some  of  it  the  ground  mass  is  changed  to  a  purple  color,  some  is  in  spots 
coated  with  glass  from  partial  fusion,  and  much  is  broken  into  small,  jagged, 
angular  fragments  defying  re-assemblage,  although  showing  surfaces  of  the 
original  painstaking  chipping.  A  small  percentage  of  well-made  blades  were 
of  ordinary  milky  quartz  but  none  of  these  remain  entire.  Perhaps  the 
majority  are  made  of  a  dense,  unidentified  rock,  showing  a  favorable  working 
conchoidal  fracture  and  at  present  a  light  gray  color.  Some  are  of  igneous 
types  not  easily  recognized  and  not  found  heretofore,  as  far  as  I  am  aware, 
on  this  river.  Not  a  single  article  of  flint  was  found. 

Gouges.  No  complete  gouges  were  recovered  but  pieces  of  at  least  four 
individual  gouges  were  found.  As  far  as  observable  they  closely  resemble 
those  from  Red  Paint  finds,  but  none  are  of  the  same  materials  as  the  Red 
Paint  types. 

Celts.  The  remnants  of  at  least  sixteen  of  these  tools  were  found  in  all, 
but  with  few  exceptions  they  were  too  badly  broken  for  restoration.  Many 
of  the  pieces  showed  a*  rounding  of  the  angles  analogous  to  spheroidal 
weathering. 

Bone  Tools.  So  many  bits  of  calcined  bone  were  found,  too  small  for 
identification,  that  little  care  was  taken  at  first  to  save  much  of  this  ma- 
terial or  even  to  examine  it  as  closely  as  should  have  been  done.  Thus  it  is 
not  improbable  that  some  interesting  remnants  were  overlooked.  But  when 
we  had  once  happened  to  notice  that  a  small  fragment  of  bone  had  apparent- 
ly been  worked,  a  sharper  watch  was  kept  afterwards  and  pieces  of  bone 
chisels,  gouges  and  awls  were  found,  beside  a  few  examples  with  diamond 
shaped  points  which  appear  to  have  been  bone  counterparts  of  the  stone 
perforators. 

Human  Bones.    As  stated  above,  small  bone  fragments  were  numerous 


Penobscot  R. 


Village  Site         Cemetery 


FIG.  64.      Cross  section  of  terrace  on  which  Mr.  Smith  found  a  village  site  and  cemetery. 


W.   B.    SMITH   PAPER  139 

They  had  been  badly  burned,  crumpled  easily  and  were  hard  to  save.  It 
was  of  course  suspected  that  they  were  human.  A  small  lot  was  kindly 
examined  by  Dr.  William  C.  Mason  of  Bangor,  who  identified  several  as 
positively  not  human;  others  he  said  might  be  human  but  they  were  too 
small  for  him  to  be  certain  about  them.  A  few  rather  larger  pieces  were 
found  in  a  pit  discovered  later  and  these  have  recently  been  sent  to  Mr. 
Moorehead  at  Andover.  He  took  them  to  Dr.  Hooton  of  the  Anthropologi- 
cal Section  of  the  Peabody  Museum  of  Harvard  University,  who  recognized 
them  as  human  and  identified  by  name  the  various  parts.  Dr.  Allen  of  the 
Museum  of  Comparative  Anatomy  concurred  with  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Hoo- 
ton. The  doctors  found  in  the  lot,  in  addition  to  the  human  bones,  a  couple 
of  bones  probably  belonging  to  a  large  fish. 

Thus  we  have  fragments  of  human  bones,  animal  bones,  bone  tools,  and 
a  surprisingly  large  number  of  stone  relics,  badly  mixed  together  and 
mingled  with  the  ashes  of  miscellaneous  substances,  in  these  fire  pits,  which 
were  without  doubt  primarily  intended  as  graves  for  human  beings.  If 
any  definite  arrangement  of  the  contents  of  these  graves  was  originally  made, 
the  destructive  fires  would  necessarily  have  obscured  it.  Yet  as  the  digging 
proceeded  it  was  noticed  that  spear  heads,  arrow  points,  perforators,  and 
the  few  scrapers  occurred  near  the  top  of  the  deposit  mixed  with  bone  frag- 
ments, and  that  the  stone  celts  and  gouges  were  invariably  found  at  the 
bottom  beneath  the  bones.* 

In  the  upper  part  of  one  grave  close  to  its  northern  edge  four  small  spear 
heads  were  found  in  contact,  in  parallel  orientation  pointing  north.  One 
was  nearly  perfect  but  the  others  were  fire-cracked  and  fell  to  pieces  upon 
being  removed.  Directly  south  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  grave,  a  dis- 
colored brown  streak  projected  out  and  slightly  upward,  like  the  handle  of  a 
frying  pan,  till  cut  off  by  the  top  soil.  Apparently  four  spears  with  wooden 
shafts  had  been  placed  across  the  grave  pointing  north,  the  grave  had  been 
covered  with  soil  and  the  spaces  between  the  spear  shafts  created  a  draught 
conducting  smoke  from  the  smouldering  fire  beneath. 

RED  PAINT  GRAVES 

Before  the  cremation  pits  were  entirely  worked  out,  Red  Paint  graves 
were  discovered  at  a  greater  depth,  indirectly  underlying  these  pits  but 
spreading  out  over  a  larger  area.  In  all,  eighteen  graves  containing  ocher 
were  excavated.  The  accompanying  plan,  fig.  67,  and  the  cross  section,  fig. 
68,  show  the  location  of  graves  and  pits  and  their  relation  to  each  other.* 
These  graves  have  no  discernible  outlines  and  their  original  size  is  judged 


*  Mr.  Smith  describes  adzes,  celts  and  other  stone  objects  which  are  not  Red  Paint  types.     A  few 
whole  ones  were  found  in  the  pits,  together  with  many  fragments  of  broken  stone  tools. 

*  The  Red  Paint  graves  are  lettered,  the  cremation  pits  numbered. 


FIG.  65.     Face  and  side  view  of  long  chipped,  drill-like  object.    Walter  B.  Smith  site.    S.  1-2. 


FIG.  66.     Chipped,  shovfldered  spear  from  the  Walter  B.  Smith  site.    See  pp.  136,  137.    S.  1-2. 


OBJECTS    FOUND    IN    RED    PAINT    GRAVES    141 

only  by  the  extent  of  the  ocher  deposits  and  the  occasional  relics  found  just 
outside.  The  soil  is  a  fine  loamy  sand  near  the  top,  with  yellowish  or  gray- 
ish sand  extending  to  the  depth  of  the  grave.  The  ocher  was  as  a  rule  de- 
posited on  coarse  grayish  sand  which  gave  excellent  drainage.  In  some 
graves  boulders  were  found,  and  in  one  case  the  red  ocher  had  been  deposited 
directly  on  top  of  a  large  boulder.  The  whole  formation  is  glacial,  varying 
in  material  in  different  parts  from  clay  to  sand,  gravel  and  boulders. 

The  graves  lay  between  eighty -five  centimeters  and  one  meter  deep  and 
the  deposit  of  ocher  at  the  bottom  varied  in  different  graves  from  about  two 
thirds  of  a  meter  to  a  little  more  than  a  meter  and  a  third  in  greatest  diame- 
ter. All  but  two  contained  relics.  No  new  types  were  found,  but  several 
kinds  occurring  elsewhere  were  absent. 

OBJECTS  FOUND  IN  RED  PAINT  GRAVES 

Human  Bones.  Perhaps  the  most  important  discovery  made  here  was 
the  finding  of  small  fragments  of  bones  closely  bunched  and  completely  im- 
bedded in  a  dense  mass  of  red  ocher  about  one  meter  from  the  surface  in 
grave  H.  These  also  were  submitted  to  Dr.  Hooton  and  Dr.  Allen  for  ex- 
amination and  were  reported  to  be  calcined  human  bones.  Although  none 
of  these  fragments  exceed  twenty-eight  millimeters  in  length,  the  doctor  was 
able  to  identify  five  of  the  various  parts  by  name.  The  only  stone  relics 
occurring  in  the  ocher  with  the  bones  are  two  chipped  blades  made  of  mate- 
rial closely  resembling  the  Mt.  Kineo  quartz-porphyry.  The  red  ocher  had  a 
maximum  thickness  of  1.9  cm.  and  thinned  out  in  an  irregular  oblong  area 
two  thirds  of  a  meter  by  one  meter.  It  was  unusually  firm  and  probably 
could  have  been  removed  almost  as  a  solid  cake*  A  small  mass  of  limonite,* 
all  that  was  left  of  a  fire-making  set,  was  found  in  the  ocher  near  the  bones. 

The  presence  of  human  bones  in  red  ocher  —  and  these  are  the  first  to 
be  positively  identified  as  such  —  is  good  evidence  that  these  places  are 
really  graves  and  not  deposits  of  votive  offerings.  It  is  somewhat  surprising 
to  find  the  bones  showing  evidence  of  calcination,  as  no  traces  of  fire  are 
seen  below  the  top  soil  in  any  of  these  graves.  Therefore  it  seems  the  burn- 
ing must  have  been  done  before  the  burial,  unless  it  be  possible  that  suffi- 
cient heat  to  produce  this  calcining  was  developed  by  the  decomposition  of 
pyrite  fire  stones. 

Fire  Making  Outfits.  A  particularly  interesting  feature  of  these  de- 
posits was  the  care  with  which  they  had  been  supplied  with  the  means  for 
producing  fire;  nearly  every  grave  contained  two  or  three  flattened  ovate 
or  clam-shaped  masses  of  limonite  —  about  6  cm.  to  11.2  cm.  across  and  4 
cm.  through,  coated  with  rather  loosely  adhering  iron-stained  sand  which 
could  be  for  the  most  part  easily  brushed  off.  The  majority  of  these  objects 

*  Limonite  or  bog-ore  is  yellow  or  brown  iron  ore  which  occurs  in  wetj>laces. 


31-4  meters 


FIG.  67.     Plan  of  graves  and  fire  pits  of  the  Walter  B.  Smith  site. 


RED    PAINT    PEOPLE    AN  DALGONKINS      143 

are  hollow  and  some  contained  yellow  ocher  and  a  greenish-colored  powder. 
The  sides  of  the  hollow  ones  are  thin,  smooth  and  usually  somewhat  broken. 
In  one  case  they  had  almost  completely  disappeared,  leaving  only  a  dough- 
nut shaped  ring  of  rough  limonite.  These  thin  sides  either  show  an  impres- 
sion of  birch  bark  or  are  themselves  fossilized  birch  bark  —  limonite  pseu- 
domorphs.  An  attempt  has  been  made  to  show  some  of  these  in  fig.  69. 

The  original  substance  of  the  limonite  and  yellow  ocher  may  have  been 
pyrite  but  in  this  cemetery  its  decomposition  product  resembles  that  of  the 
hard,  impure  nodules  of  phyrrotite  from  Katahdin  Iron  Works.  In  one  in- 
stance a  small  hammer  stone  of  quartz-porphyry  was  found  firmly  attached 
by  iron  rust  to  a  small  mass  of  limonite.  It  is  evident  that  two  pieces  of 
pyrite  or  other  hard  ore  or  one  of  pyrite  and  one  of  a  flint-like  stone  were  care- 
fully wrapped  in  birch  bark  and  placed  in  the  grave,  that  material  for  kind- 
ling a  fire  might  be  at  hand  when  needed.  This  is  clear  proof  of  the  Red 
Paint  People's  method  of  making  fire,  as  well  as  of  their  belief  in  a  future 
existence.  The  birch  bark  may  have  been  intended  for  kindling  or  used  only 
to  protect  the  objects  which  it  enclosed.  The  shape  of  some  of  these  limon- 
ite masses  suggests  that  the  fire-making  outfits  may  have  been  enclosed  in 
large  clam  or  scallop  shells. 

It  seems  certain  that  articles  other  than  stone  were  at  least  in  some 
cases  placed  in  this  red  paint  —  perishable  objects  that  now  show  only  as 
rounded  sections  and  long  streaks  without  sharp  boundaries  or  definite 
shapes,  and  observable  only  by  the  contrast  in  color  between  their  ashes  and 
the  red  ocher.  A  microscopical  examination  of  this  gray  dust  or  ash  re- 
vealed in  several  instances  a  few  minute  scales  of  charcoal.  This  indicates 
that  the  articles  buried  may  have  been  fire-smoothed  shapes  of  wood  and 
their  rod-like  shapes  and  half-round  sections  suggest  bows,  arrowshafts  and 
spear  handles.  But  these  dust  forms  are  but  gray  ghosts  of  the  original  ob- 
jects and  are  far  too  intangible  for  identification. 

RED  PAINT  PEOPLE  AND  ALGONKINS 

Various  theories  have  been  advanced  as  to  the  identity  of  the  Red 
Paint  People.  The  most  obvious  question  is,  naturally,  whether  they  were 
the  same  people  as  the  Indians  who  inhabited  New  England  at  the  time 
Europeans  first  came  here  and  whose  descendants  still  survive,  namely  the 
Algonkins.  For  light  on  this  point  we  should  make  some  comparisons  be- 
tween the  Algonkin  types  of  artifacts  common  on  the  village  sites  and  in  the 
shell  heaps  of  Maine  and  the  rest  of  New  England,  and  the  contents  of  the 
Red  Paint  graves. 

Up  to  the  present  time  not  a  single  piece  of  pottery  nor  any  grooved 
axe,  no  tablet-shaped  ornament,  stone  pipe,  bone  or  shell  ornament,  scraper, 
grooved  hammer  or  thick,  oval  celt,  has  been  found  in  any  of  their  graves. 
These  contain  more  spear  points  than  arrow  points  and  the  slate  points  are 


Cremation  Pit  8 


£ed-  paint  Grave  Ji 


Fi^,. 58-  Vertical    cross  section  A,  B,  lKrou«,n  Cremation 
Pit  8    and  Red- paint  Grave 'M     C  Cultivated  soil.    D.D.  D»s- 
turbed  sand.      E.  Lampblack-like  mass   with  many  fure-broken 
relics  and  calcined   bone-fra3,n\en1;5.       T.  Red  ochre    w'irfi  a 
few   relics.         G,Q.  Undisturbed   sand. 

No  definite  outimes  for  ai\y  of  lV\e  red  pamt  buriaU 
could  be  determined  but  an  occasional  fju\t  cKip  or  &  kit  of 
cKarcoftl  fcncl  patches  of  darker  colored  s&nd  were  suf- 
ficient evidence  of  so'»l  disturbance  w \\V\out  iHe  conclusWe 
proof  furmsf\ed  by  lar^e  quantities  of  red  ocKre  w'ltf 
stone  relics  found  at  tfie  bottoms  of  "\iie-  graves.  The 
cremation  pits-  du^,  n-\ucK  laVer-sKowed  well-defined  bound- 
aries ar\d  lJ\e  disturbed  soil  was  somewfxat  darker  coWed 
H\an  ihevt  of  lf\e  red-pa'mt 


MODERN    INDIAN    BURIAL  145 

common,  whereas  on  ordinary  village  sites  they  are  absent  or  very  rare,  and 
I  do  not  know  of  one  being  found  in  a  shell  heap.  Chipped  knives  are  also 
very  rare.  A  comparison  of  the  gouges  and  adze  blades  with  those  of  known 
Algonkin  manufacture  indicates  that  they  are  not  made  by  the  same  people. 
The  writer  agrees  with  the  opinion  expressed  by  Mr.  Willoughby  and 
Professor  Bates,  who  visited  Emerson's  cemetery  during  the  course  of  our  ex- 
plorations, to  the  effect  that  the  grooved  axe  was  introduced  from  the  west; 
being  found  serviceable  there  it  probably  came  into  New  England  somewhat 
later.  On  the  other  hand  the  celt-gouge  and  double  gouge  forms  of  the  Red 
Paint  People  were  not  used  by  the  western  aborigines,  at  least  not  in  the 
Mississippi  valley.  That  the  Red  Paint  People  did  not  copy  the  grooved 
axe  and  that  their  own  most  characteristic  forms  were  unknown  to  other 
American  Indians,  together  with  the  evident  great  antiquity  of  their  cul- 
ture seems  to  justify  the  inference  that  it  existed  before  the  general  Algonkian 
development,  although  no  such  argument  should  be  considered  conclusive, 
in  the  light  of  our  present  knowledge. 

MODERN  INDIAN  BURIAL  AT  SARGENTVILLE 

It  has  been  claimed  by  some  that  the  prehistoric  graves  we  have  opened 
in  so  many  places  are  identical  with  modern  Indian  interments.  These  state- 
ments are  not  made  by  those  who  have  actually  excavated  in  Maine,  but 
by  persons  not  familiar  with  Maine  archaeology.  In  view  of  a  recent  publi- 
cation of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology*,  the  following  detailed  study  of  a  modern 
burial  is  presented.  Readers  are  requested  to  compare  this  grave  with  those 
of  the  Red  Paint  People  previously  described. 

In  1912  some  members  of  our  expedition  went  to  Sargentville  in  the 
town  of  Sedgwick  and  explored  the  shores  of  Walker's  pond.  Test  pits  were 
sunk  on  a  knoll  and  an  upland  slope  in  the  field  of  Mr.  Hugh  Brown,  on  the 
west  shore  of  the  pond.  These  revealed  nothing.  A  search  of  such  beach  as 
lay  bare  yielded  a  few  Kineo  felsite  chips.  The  supposed  large  camp  site  was 
said  to  be  at  the  northern  end  of  the  pond,  in  Brooksville.  On  July  9th 
pits  were  sunk  on  a  knoll  twenty  meters  from  the  lake  on  the  land  of  Mr. 
Grindel.  The  place  is  called  "the  Indian  burying  ground."  On  the  very 
top  of  this  knoll,  in  dry,  stony  soil,  were  found  the  remains  of  a  single  skele- 
ton, accompanied  by  copper  and  shell  beads.  Only  such  bones  were  left  as 
were  preserved  by  the  copper.  Of  the  skull,  only  the  lower  jaw  and  teeth 
remained.  At  the  neck  were  found  two  rolled  copper  cylinders  about  eight 
centimeters  long,  still  strung  together  on  a  piece  of  thong.  The  remains  of  a 
third  cylinder  were  also  found.  Resting  upon  what  had  been  the  chest  of  the 
body  was  a  rectangular  copper  plate,  about  twenty-two  by  five  centimeters, 
containing  three  small,  irregular  perforations  along  the  middle  line.  Be- 

*  Bulletin  71,  "Native  Cemeteries  and  Forms  of  Burial   Kast  of  the    Mississippi,"    Washington, 

1920,  by  1).  I.  Bushnell,  Jr. 


LECEND 

V/LLACE    SITE. 

CEMETERY 

.R      RED    PAINT 
XXX      SHELL    HEAf 


Fig.^9  Parts  of  prehistoric  tire-making  outfits. 
Limonitc.  nodules  pseudomoroh  after  pyrite  with 
fossil  birch  bark  covering 


FRANKLIN 


VAN 


ILOMETEBJ 


PLAN  X 
SITES  ABOUT  FBENCHMANS  BAY 


MODERN    INDIAN    BURIALS  147 

neath  this  was  a  well-preserved  sheet  of  hide,  of  leathery  texture.  Upon 
this  being  carefully  removed,  a  layer  of  white  and  black  shell  beads,  still  in 
order,  was  disclosed.  They  consisted  of  one  long  string  and  many  shorter 
ones  at  right  angles  to  this.  These  all  rested  upon  another  fold  of  hide. 
About  them  occurred  shreds  and  lumps  of  bark  or  matting.  Five  or  six  of 
the  cervical  vertebrae,  all  stained  green,  were  preserved.  Some  of  the 
smaller  ribs  were  likewise  preserved.  Apparently  some  copper  object  had 
rested  under  the  body,  as  several  splinters  of  copper  were  wedged  among  the 
vertebrae.  Parts  of  the  scapella  and  humerus  remained.  The  white  beads 
were  comparatively  thick  and  probably  of  clam  shell  (venus  mercenaria?) 
while  the  black  or  more  properly  purple  beads  were  very  thin  and  were  some- 
times strung  double.  A  number  of  loose  beads  were  found,  and  all  the  earth 
coming  from  the  grave  was  sifted  through  the  fingers  before  being  thrown 
aside.  In  working  out  the  grave  beyond  where  the  objects  occurred  it  was 
sometimes  possible  to  trace  discolorations  in  the  clayey  soil,  marking  the  de- 
cay of  the  larger  bones  or  of  the  bark  or  matting  wrapping.  No  stone  ob- 
jects were  found  with  this  burial,  nor  any  trace  whatever  of  other  metal  than 
copper.  The  body  was  about  thirty-three  centimeters  below  the  surface, 
and  as  nearly  as  could  be  determined  lay  north  and  south  at  full  length  and 
with  the  head  to  the  south,  and  the  bones  were  those  of  a  young  person. 
Subsequent  pitting  on  this  knoll  and  adjacent  areas  revealed  nothing  fur- 
ther. An  analysis  of  the  copper  proves  it  to  be  European  rather  than  native 
American,  as  is  shown  by  the  following  statement  contained  in  a  letter  from 
Professor  C.  H.  White  of  the  Mining  ScTiool  of  Harvard  University. 

Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  July  14,  1913 
Dear  Mr.  Manning:  — 

At  last  I  have  as  nearly  completed  the  analysis  of  the  copper  you 
gave  me  from  the  Indian  grave  in  Maine,  as  the  size  of  the  sample  will 
permit.  I  find  the  following  percentages  of  metals  present: 

Copper 95 . 89 

Tin 0.38 

Lead 0.55 

Iron 0.14 

The  metal  also  contains  arsenic  and  antimony,  but  I  was  not  able  to 
determine  the  amounts  of  these  metals,  owing  to  the  small  sample  that 
I  had  to  work  upon.  On  account  of  the  corroded  condition  of  the  metal  I 
found  it  impossible  to  obtain  a  sample  absolutely  free  from  oxides. 

***** 

I  am  sorry  not  to  be  able  to  report  the  arsenic  and  antimony;  but 
the  results  that  I  have  been  able  to  obtain  will  probably  enable  you  to  de- 
termine the  origin  of  the  metal.  Yours  very  sincerely, 

(Signed)  CHARLES  H.  WHITE 


a 
I 


THE   SHELL   HE  A  PS  149 

Dr.  R.  B.  Orr,  Director,  Provincial  Museum,  Canada,  in  a  letter  dated 
August  11,  1921,  called  my  attention  to  the  discovery  of  seven  or  eight  skel- 
etons on  the  north  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  immediately  west  of  the  city  of 
Toronto.  The  burials  were  accompanied  by  a  quantity  of  red  ocher,  appar- 
ently soft  hematite  but  not  very  brilliant. 

In  the  State  University  Museum  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  I  was  shown  some 
bones  colored  brilliant  red  by  contact  with  powdered  hematite.  These  were 
found  in  a  gravel  knoll,  or  glacial  kame  burial.  Clarence  B.  Moore,  Esq., 
has  reported  quantities  of  powdered  hematite  found  with  skeletons  in  one 
of  the  mounds  explored  by  him.  In  all  these  instances  the  powdered  hema- 
tite was  present,  but  the  eight  well  known  Red  Paint  People  types  are  ab- 
sent —  as  they  are  everywhere  save  where  the  Red  Paint  culture  area  ex- 
tends in  Maine. 

Although  both  Mr.  Willoughby  and  myself  have  called  attention  to  the 
fallacy  of  Mr.  Bushnell's  argument  to  the  effect  that  all  burials  containing 
powdered  hematite  are  practically  the  same  culture,  yet  according  to  this 
latest  publication,  he*  seems  to  persist,  notwithstanding  the  evidence  of 
several  hundred  graves  to  the  contrary. 

THE  RED  PAINT  PEOPLE  AND  THE  SHELL  HEAPS 

One  feels  safe  in  suggesting  that  the  Red  Paint  People  did  not 
live  at  the  shell  heaps  or  at  least  that  they  did  not  accumulate  shell 
heaps.  It  is  perhaps  impossible  to  prove  this  statement  absolutely,  as  it  is 
impossible  to  prove  many  other  generally  accepted  statements  in  American 
archaeology;  but  it  is  an  opinion  based  upon  many  months  of  work  among 
the  shell  heaps  along  the  Maine  coast.  In  the  heaps  themselves  no  broken 
slate  spears,  unfinished  gouges,  crescents,  or  other  forms  included  under  the 
list  of  persistent  types  are  found,  with  the  sole  exception  of  some  rude 
plummets,  but  plummets  occur  everywhere,  as  is  well  known.  I  do  not  af- 
firm that  the  Red  Paint  People  did  not  visit  the  coast,  but  only  that  no  vil- 
lage of  theirs  upon  the  coast  has  been  identified.  They  have  left  few  of  any 
of  their  characteristic  objects  on  the  surface  near  salt  water,  although 
curiously  enough  there  are  five  known  cemeteries  on  shores  facing  salt  water. 
One  would  naturally  suppose  that  they  would  occasionally  lose  an  adze  or 
hatchet  blade,  part  of  a  slate  spear,  a  chunk  of  iron  pyrites,  a  crescent,  a  long 
pendant,  or  some  other  object,  in  places  where  they  were  living.  We  find 
none  of  these  things  in  the  shell  heaps,  although  we  have  hand-trowelled  an 
area  equal  to  hundreds  of  square  meters;  but  on  the  contrary  we  discover 
great  quantities  of  broken  pottery  and  bone  implements,  hammer  stones, 
etc., of  which  the  Red  Paint  People  made  no  use,  so  far  as  can  be  determined. 


*  "Native   Cemeteries  and   Forms  of  Burial   Kast  of  the  Mississippi."       Bureau    of  American 
Kthnology,  Bui.  71,  p.  15. 


150  MAINE   ARCHAEOLOGY 

In  the  American  Anthropologist  for  1915,*  Mr.  Willoughby  published 
a  paper  on  the  Red  Paint  People,  in  reply  to  a  recent  contention  of  Mr.  Dav- 
id I.  Bushnell  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  that  there  was  no  es- 
pecial difference  between  the  Red  Paint  culture  and  that  of  other  Indians.** 
In  this  paper  he  refers  particularly  to  the  adze  blade,  a  subject  in  which  he 
is  much  interested  and  upon  which  he  has  already  presented  a  paper  in  the 
same  journal,  f  Readers  will  find  these  two  papers  of  use  when  seeking  know- 
ledge concerning  the  use  of  stone  artifacts  by  New  England  Indians.  In 
the  concluding  sentence  of  the  later  paper,  the  author,  always  conservative, 
says:  "A  careful  study  of  available  data  seems  to  indicate  that  they  [the 
Red  Paint  People]  were  not  contemporary  with  the  Algonkian  tribes  whose 
refuse  piles  form  most  of  the  shell  heaps  along  the  New  England  coast." 

We  may  add  that,  were  they  of  the  "shell-heap  culture,"  they  certainly 
would  have  placed  some  of  the  characteristic  shell-heap  tools  in  at  least  a 
few  of  the  four  hundred  and  forty  graves  that  we  have  explored.  The  utter 
absence  of  forms  common  to  Indian  graves  elsewhere  in  the  United 
States  is  characteristic  of  the  graves.  This  is  our  strongest  evidence 
that  they  are  not  to  be  classed  with  Iroquoian  or  Algonkian,  and  brings  us  to 
our  final  observation,  that  the  Red  Paint  People  lived  before  the  construc- 
tion of  shell  heaps  and  before  the  Algonkian  development  in  Maine. 

THE  BEOTHUK  THEORY. 

In  1915  the  University  Press  of  Cambridge,  England,  published  a  large 
volume  by  James  P.  Howley,  Esq.  entitled  "The  Beothuks,  or  Red  Indians, 
the  Aboriginal  Inhabitants  of  Newfoundland."  This  scholarly  work  was 
hailed  by  some  as  presenting  a  solution  of  the  Red  Paint  People  problem. 
The  writer  of  this  report  has  made  a  careful  comparison  between  the  ob- 
jects taken  from  Red  Paint  graves  by  our  surveys  and  those  illustrated  by 
Howley  at  the  end  of  his  volume.  He  presents  a  large  number  of  bone  im- 
plements, many  of  which  are  worked  into  fanciful  designs  similar  to  some 
found  in  the  Iroquois  graves  of  the  Mohawk  Valley,  but  the  stone  gouges, 
hatchet  blades,  spear  and  arrow  points  and  chipped  objects  bear  little  re- 
semblance to  the  types  found  in  Maine.  There  are  no  long,  slender  spears 
or  daggers,  none  of  the  crescents  or  little  effigies  such  as  are  found  in  the  Red 
Paint  graves;  and  above  all,  the  red  paint  is  missing  from  their  burials. 

If  the  Beothuks  and  the  Red  Paint  People  are  one  and  the  same,  there 
is  little  indication  of  the  identity  in  a  cultural  similarity.  It  is  the  opinion 
of  the  writer  that  the  Red  Indians  of  Newfoundland  are  not  descendants  of 
the  people  to  whom  we  have  devoted  so  much  space  in  this  book.  It  seems 
incredible  that  they  should  have  so  changed  their  art  in  travelling  so  short 


*  Vol.  XVil,  pp.  406-409. 

**  Op.  cit.  Vol.  XVII,  pp.  207-209. 

t  Op.  cit.  Vol.  IX,  1907,  pp.  296-306. 


THE BEOTHUK THEORY  151 

a  distance  as  from  Maine  to  Newfoundland.  The  literature  on  this  subject 
is  not  extensive,  however,  as  no  field  work  has  been  projected  by  other  insti- 
tutions than  Phillips  Academy. 

The  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  all  these  comparisons  seems  clearly  to 
be  that  the  Red  Paint  People  did  not  merge  with  any  other  known  culture 
to  the  east,  the  west,  the  north,  or  the  south;  that  they  are  absolutely  dis- 
tinct and  very  ancient.  Whether,  as  has  been  suggested,  we  might  find  a 
change  or  a  merging  into  another  culture  in  Nova  Scotia,  cannot  be  fully  de- 
termined until  explorations  are  carried  into  that  quarter. 

If  there  is  a  similarity  to  be  noted  with  the  culture  of  any  tribe  known 
to  history,  it  would  perhaps  be  with  the  Eskimo.  Some  implements  in  use 
among  this  people  suggest  Red  Paint  influence.  Hence  if  the  writer  were  to 
theorize  at  all  upon  the  question  of  what  became  of  the  Red  Paint  People, 
he  would  offer  the  suggestion  that  they  moved  northward  and  later  became 
the  Eskimo. 

As  to  the  antiquity  of  these  people  stated  in  years,  no  one  is  able  to  set 
even  approximate  dates.  In  comparison  with  aboriginal  interments  in  more 
than  twenty  other  states  where  the  author  has  explored,  they  appear  very 
old.  They  have  begun  to  fit  into  their  geologic  surroundings  and  do  not  ap- 
pear modern  in  any  sense  of  the  word.  No  other  graves  have  just  such  an  ap- 
pearance. 


PART   III. 

THE  SHELL  HEAPS  OF  MAINE 
A.     EXPLORATIONS 

During  the  last  twenty  or  thirty  years  a  number  of  pamphlets  and 
articles  in  scientific  periodicals  have  been  devoted  to  the  shell  heaps  of  the 
upper  Atlantic  coast,  among  which  those  at  Damariscotta,  Maine,  are  es- 
pecially noted.*  It  is  not  surprising  that  such  remains  should  receive  more 
attention  from  observers  than  interior  village  sites  or  Red  Paint  cemeteries, 
for  they  are  usually  visible  from  the  water  and  persons  voyaging  along  the 
coast  often  land  and  examine  them. 

Maine  shell  heaps  are  usually  composed  of  clam  shells  with  an  admix- 
ture of  mussel  shells.  Clams  predominate  and  mussels  seem  only  to  have 
been  eaten  when  the  natives  were  short  of  other  food.  The  heaps  range  in 
size  from  those  four  or  five  meters  broad,  such  as  mark  the  site  of  a  wigwam 
for  a  few  seasons,  to  the  great  oyster  shell  heaps  at  Damariscotta,  some  of 
which  are  a  hundred  meters  or  more  in  length  and  even  at  this  late  day  over 
seven  meters  high.  They  are  always  near  a  good  clam-flat,  never  upon  a 
bold,  rocky  shore.  Often  they  occupy  a  long  point,  occasionally  a  sheltered 
cove,  and  sometimes  they  are  just  back  from  a  straight  shore-line.  They 
are  seldom  located  more  than  five  meters  above  high  tide.  The  surface 
has  often  been  plowed  and  used  for  raising  crops,  as  the  buried  shells  make  a 
wonderfully  rich  and  productive  soil. 

Our  surveys  examined  some  of  these  heaps  during  the  years  that  we 
were  along  the  coast  hunting  for  village  sites  and  cemeteries.  In  1912  none 
were  excavated,  but  in  succeeding  years  many  were  inspected  and  explored, 
our  most  extensive  work  being  done  in  Frenchman's  Bay  in  1913  and  at 
Castine  in  1915. 

No  one  knows  the  exact  number  of  these  accumulations  of  shell,  which 
are  scattered  all  along  the  Maine  coast  from  the  New  Hampshire  line  to 
Calais.  Professor  Bates  located  many  of  them  upon  his  maps  and  we  were 
permitted  to  copy  these  entries  upon  our  own  maps.  The  total  thus  known 
is  something  like  two  hundred  and  fifty.**  Careful  work  about  the  shores  of 
every  inlet,  bay  and  island  along  the  coast  would  add  at  least  three  hundred 


*  See  Bibliography  under  Gushing,  Putnam,  Morse,  Loomis,  and  Young. 

•  **  About  60  by  Bates;  190  by  Phillips  Academy.  Professor  Bates  had  other  maps,  it  is  said, 
but  these  are  not  available  at  present.  Our  maps  do  not  show  heaps  less  than  20  meters  in  diameter 
and  6  cm.  to  8  cm.  thick. 


FIG.  71.     The  men  at  work  trenching  the  Calf  Island  shell  heap.    See  p.  158. 


REFERENCE 


A.  S,J    L.«« 

B.  Br.Kt*  Shell* 

C     Decayed,    Vefftto.* ion    Layer 
0.     U, disturbed    Stratum 

E.  M«»r*   0.<  Cl«an    6hell« 

F.  Decayed    Vejetetion    Layer 

G.  U^d.sturbecf     Stratum 

H.    RocITt,   Charcoal    and   A>hc« 


CROSS    SECTION    OF    B  0  Y  N  T  0  N'S    SHELL 
HEAP,  LAMOINE,  MAINE. 

FIG.  72 


154  MAINE   ARCHAEOLOGY 

more,  as  those  who  are  familiar  with  the  Maine  ocean  border  contend. 
Much  of  the  coast  line  has  not  been  intensively  worked,  for  the  reason  that, 
large  as  were  our  parties,  we  did  not  have  time  to  cover  all  of  this  great 
region,  especially  as  we  were  primarily  searching  for  cemeteries  and  village 
sites.  Shell  heaps  are  very  much  alike,  and  when  one  has  examined  thirty 
or  forty  of  them  and  found  little  or  no  difference  in  the  culture  of  the  makers, 
he  turns  his  researches  in  other  directions.  A  part  of  our  crew  was  usually 
kept  on  shell-heap  work  while  others  searched  for  cemeteries.  In  the  lower 
layers  of  the  heavier  heaps  there  is  much  fine  black  earth  and  soot  which 
seems  to  have  a  bad  effect  upon  the  hands,  cracking  the  skin  and  causing 
sores  if  the  men  continue  hand-trowelling  for  more  than  two  weeks  together. 
We  therefore  changed  frequently  from  this  to  the  other  form  of  exploration 
in  order  to  rest  the  men. 

In  most  heaps  we  find  many  pits  a  half  meter  to  several  meters  in  ex- 
tent, which  have  been  dug  by  seekers  after  bone  and  stone  objects.  It  has 
invariably  been  our  custom  to  fill  up  our  own  excavations,  but  irresponsible 
persons  leave  theirs  open.  Owners  complain  that,  as  those  who  dig  under- 
mine the  banks,  high  tides  wash  away  the  land  thus  exposed  and  damage 
results.  One  advantage,  however,  accrues  to  the  thorough  worker  from  this 
"pot-hunting",  for  the  unfilled  pits  indicate  to  him  how  much  work  has  al- 
ready been  done  and  whether  enough  of  the  heap  remains  to  justify  proper 
explorations. 

In  all  the  shell  accumulations,  village  sites,  or  kitchen  middens  examined 
by  our  party  at  any  time,  neither  regularity  of  form  of  the  heap  itself  nor 
intelligent,  orderly  disposition  of  objects  was  to  be  observed.  To  make  an 
intelligible  map  of  any  shell  heap  would  be  impossible,  and  the  same  is  true 
of  any  series  of  measurements.  It  is  sufficient  to  say  that  the  heap  is  so 
long  and  of  such  depth  and  breadth.  The  specimens  of  stone,  bone,  clay, 
and  chert  are  scattered  all  through  the  mass.  They  may  lie  near  the  surface 
or  be  at  the  bottom,  but  fewer  are  found  near  the  top,of  the  heap.  Plowing 
or  any  disturbance  would  cause  the  heavier  objects  to  settle,  since  the  upper 
shells  are  loosely  packed.  The  artifacts  lie  among  the  shells,  in  black  earth, 
in  ashes,  or  wedged  between  rocks,  or  at  the  very  base. 

FRENCHMAN'S  BAY 

In  July,  1913,  after  our  work  upon  the  Red  Paint  cemetery  on  Parker's 
Point,  Blue  Hill,  we  located  at  Hancock  Point,  opposite  Bar  Harbor.  This 
region  lies  at  the  heart  of  the  shell-heap  culture,  although  it  includes  also  the 
Sullivan  Falls  cemetery  of  the  Red  Paint  People,  upon  which  we  spent  part 
of  our  time.*  We  dug  out  several  small  heaps  near  our  base,  collecting  vari- 


*  There  are  more  than  sixty  shell  heaps,  large  and  smjill,  within  twenty  kilometers  of  Mount 
Desert  Ferry. 


FIG.  73.     Above,  point  on  which  Boynton's  shell  heap  is  located.    Mt.  Desert  in  the  distance.  Below, 
trenches  at  Boynton's  shell  heap  the  second  day.    These  were  later  made  into  one  large  pit  or  excavation. 


156  MAINE   ARCHAEOLOGY 

ous  implements  of  the  forms  common  in  shell  heaps,  and  as  we  had  volun- 
teers, we  were  able  to  work  out  many  meters  of  earth  and  shells  in  a  single 
day. 

The  shell  heaps  in  this  region  are  almost  entirely  composed  of  clam 
valves.  A  few  larger  quahog,  mussel  and  scallop  shells  are  to  be  seen,  but 
clams  are  at  least  ninety-seven  percent  of  the  whole.  The  clams  appear  to 
have  been  roasted  on  hot  stones.  Great  numbers  of  stones  from  ten  to 
twenty -five  centimeters  in  diameter,  blackened  or  burnt  red,  occur  in  all 
the  heaps.  The  shells  themselves  often  exhibit  traces  of  fire  and  are  some 
times  even  charred,  but  they  are  clean  and  clear  when  no  burnt  stones  or 
charcoal  are  near.  All  the  heaps  contain  larger  clams  than  the  average  dug 
up  by  modern  clam  hunters. 

Sullivan  Falls  Shell  Heap.  Two  hundred  meters  below  the  Sullivan 
Falls  cemetery,  on  a  point  of  land  just  opposite  the  clam  flat,  is  a  heap  meas- 
uring about  thirty-five  meters  north  and  south  by  forty  meters  east  and 
west.  It  is  marked  B  on  plan  VII.  Our  excavations  here  were  extensive  for 
the  reason  that  it  lay  so  near  the  Red  Paint  cemetery  and  we  hoped  to  learn 
something  new  —  possibly  that  the  Red  Paint  People  had  lived  on  this  site. 
We  dug  out  practically  the  whole  of  it,  but  except  three  plummets  in  the  bot- 
tom layer,  nothing  was  found  different  from  the  forms  of  shell-heap  artifacts 
elsewhere.  The  list  of  finds  is : 

Plummets  3 

Broken  and  whole  arrow  heads  24 
Spear  heads  4 

Hammer  stones  3 

Unfinished  implements  47 
Bones  7  boxes 

Scrapers  5 

Rubbing  stones  3 

Knives  2 

Celts  8 

Worked  antler  1 

Pottery  3  boxes 

Awls   '  6 

Perforated  shell  1 

Broken  gouge  1 

Drilled  bear  teeth  2 

Broken  objects  40 
Worked  bones  2 

Chips  5  boxes 

Total  167 


• 


FIG.  74.     The  mass  of  shells  at  Boynton's.    The  central  part  of  this  picture  is  about  one  half  meter 
from  the  surface. 


FIG.  75.     Teeth  of  moose,  bear,  panther,  wolf,  lynx,  and  leaver  from  Stover's,  Sullivan  Falls,  Ward- 
well's  and  Butler's  sites.    S.  2-5. 


158  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

The  less  important  shell  heaps  which  we  examined  may  be  mentioned 
briefly  as  follows: 

One  kilometer  north  of  Sullivan  Falls  on  the  west  side  of  the  channel  is 
a  heap  which  we  dug  out  rather  thoroughly.  It  measures  25  m.  by  15  m. 
and  is  30  cm.  to  40  cm.  thick.  Little  was  found.  Several  others  were  still 
further  up  toward  the  north  west,  near  Egypt  Bay.  On  the  south  end  of 
Burying  Island,  four  kilometers  above  the  Falls,  is  a  long  heap  following  the 
outline  of  a  cove,  in  which  we  made  partial  excavations.  It  is  100  m.  long 
in  a  semi-circle,  10  m.  to  15  m.  wide,  and  20  cm.  to  60  cm.  deep.  On  Butler's 
Point,  one  and  a  half  kilometers  north  of  Burying  Island,  is  a  heap  100  m. 
long  from  east  to  west,  15  m.  to  20  m.  wide,  and  30  cm.  to  1  m.  in  depth 
which  is  rich  in  bone  objects.  We  excavated  extensively  but  could  not  com- 
plete the  work,  as  the  owner  decided  to  retain  the  place  for  "  summer  guests  " 
to  explore.  Sufficient  information  was  secured,  however,  to  indicate  that  it 
is  an  important  site.  We  recovered  533  objects  in  three  days,  of  which  147 
were  bone, tools. 

Some  interesting  specimens  were  secured  by  digging  in  a  shell  heap  be- 
longing to  Mr.  Ward  well,  on  the  shore  near  Mount  Desert  Ferry,  between 
Sullivan  Falls  and  Hancock  Point.  Ingalls  Island,  opposite  Mount  Desert 
Ferry,  has  shell  heaps  at  both  north  and  south  ends,  which  are  about  30  m. 
long,  10  m.  to  20  m.  wide,  and  30  cm.  to  60  cm.  deep.  They  had  been  greatly 
disturbed  by  relic  hunters  and  our  force  did  not  do  much  digging.  On 
Bean's  Island,  two  kilometers  south  of  the  Ferry,  are  two  heaps.  A  small  one 
at  the  east  end,  20m.  by  10  m.  and  40  cm.  deep,  was  excavated  in  part.  Near 
the  west  end  is  one  which  extends  along  the  south  shore  for  30  m.  and  back 
from  the  shore  10  m.,  and  is  15  cm.  to  35  cm.  deep.  This  was  well  excavated. 
The  shell  heaps  in  this  region  contain  very  few  mussel  or  scallop  shells, 
whereas  near  Castine  there  is  a  considerable  proportion  of  shells  other  than 
those  of  clams. 

Calf  Island  Shell  Heap.  While  we  were  in  the  Mount  Desert  region, 
Dr.  Peabody  joined  us  for  some  time  and  he  proposed  that  some  one  shell 
heap  should  be  carefully  hand-trowelled  out  in  order  to  ascertain  all  possible 
facts.  Although  shell  heaps  are  refuse  piles,  quite  different  from  cemeteries 
and  not  much  more  could  be  learned  from  intensive  digging  than  by  means 
of  the  larger  tools,  yet  he  thought  that  the  experiment  should  be  tried.  Ac- 
cordingly most  of  the  crew  of  twelve  men  were  assigned  to  him  and  he  put 
them  to  work  on  Calf  Island,  at  the  entrance  of  Frenchman's  Bay,  which  be- 
longs to  Colonel  Morrell  of  Philadelphia.  They  excavated  from  the  center 
outward  until  the  "feather  edge"  was  reached  and  nothing  more  was  to  be 
found.  Fig.  71  presents  the  crew  at  work  trenching  the  heap. 

Dr.  Peabody 's  notes  are  here  inserted: 

"On  August  22,  1913,  excavations  were  started  on  Calf  Island, 
Frenchman's  Bay.    Trenches  were  excavated  as  follows,  beginning  on  the 


SHELLHEAPSOFMAINE  159 

bluff  of  the  south  shore  at  a  point  about  midway  between  the  east  end  of  the 
island  and  the  rise  of  ground  in  front  of  the  house  of  the  owner  of  the  island, 
Colonel  Morrell,  of  Philadelphia. 

Trench  A  —  8  meters  north  and  south,  4  meters  east  and  west. 
Trench  B  —  6  meters  north  and  south,  6  meters  east  and  west. 

(Trench  B  lay  2  meters  west  of  trench  A.) 

Trench    C  -  —  6    meters    west-south-west   and   east-north-east,    2 
meters  north-north-west,  and  south-south-east. . 
(Trench  C  lay  7  meters  to  the  east  of  trench  A.) 
Trench  D  —  4  meters  north  and  south,  3  meters  east  and  west. 

(Trench  D  lay  17  meters  east  of  the  east  end  of  trench  C.) 
Trench  E  —  6  meters  north  and  south,  about  the  same  east  and 
west. 

(Trench  E  lay  10  meters  west  of  trench  B.) 
Trench  F  —  4  meters  north  and  south,  4  meters  east  and  west. 

(Trench  F  lay  1  meter  50  cm.  north  of  trench  A.) 
Trench  G  -  -  3  meters    north-east  and  south-west,    1  meter  50 
cm.  north-west  and  south-east. 

(Trench  G  lay  1  meter  50  cm.  east  of  the  north-east  corner 

of  trench  A.) 

"The  entire  shell  heap  has  a  length  of  67  meters  with  a  maximum 
breadth  of  31  meters.  The  depth  of  shells  varies  from  a  few  centimeters 
to 40 cm. ;  the  amount  seems  to  depend  on  the  original  inequalities  of  the 
surface.  There  was  little  evidence  of  stratification. 

"As  a  result  of  the  excavations  the  following  specimens  were  col- 
lected : 

Projectile  points  2 

Broken  projectile  points  1 

Scrapers,  red  jasper  2 

Scrapers,  white  quartz  4 

Scrapers,  dark  chert  1 

Scrapers,  unfinished  1 

Projectile  points  or  rejects  or  unfinished  points  10 
%      Perforator  (?)  1 

Grooved  axe  20  cm.  x  11  cm.  x  6  cm.  1 

"Turtlebacks"  2 

Celts,  thick  3 

Celts,  thin  3 

Adzes,  broken  or  unfinished  2 

Nuclei  7 

Chips  240 

Chips,  red  jasper  (> 

Chips,  quartz  5 


FIG.  76.     Wheeler's  Cove  shall  heap,  near  Castine.    Before  exploration.    Less  than  a  third  appears  in 
the  picture. 


EXCAVATIONS        IN      WHEELER'S 
SHELL      HEAP,    NEAR      CASTINE. 


FIG.  77. 


PLAN  XT 

OUTLINE  MAP  OFTHE  LOWER  PART  OF  HANCOCK  COUNTY 


ELLS  WOPTH 

r  ALLS 


0         1          t         3         4          f         t         7 

^•E=HK= 

KILOMETERS 


S  E  D  G  W  I  C  K 


162  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

Hammer  stones  14 

Fragment  of 'mill"  1 

Iron  "handle"  1  (On  surface) 

Bone  points  and  fragments,  flat  3 

Bone  points  and  fragments,  round  11 

Bone  fish  hooks  and  fragments  12 

Bone  harpoons  8 

Pottery  fragments 

(largest  6  cm.  x  5  cm.  x  5  mm.)  122 


Total  463 

"Animal  bones  were  found  representing  the  following  species: 

moose  (very  numerous),    bobcat,  Indian  dog,  beaver,  otter,  grey 

seal,  birds,  and  shells  of  the  razor  clam.     These  identifications 

were  made  by  Dr.  Glover  M.  Allen  of  Harvard  University,  who 

kindly  examined  all  the  shell-heap  materials." 

It  was  not  known  at  the  time  that  Professor  Loomis  and  Mr.  Young  of 
Amherst  had  previously  explored  a  part  of  Calf  Island  heap.  In  their  re- 
port in  the  American  Journal  of  Science*  they  list  fifty-eight  implements  of 
various  kinds  and  bones  of  thirty-nine  birds,  animals  and  fish,  which  should 
be  added  to  Dr.  Peabody's  total.  The  heap  had  been  considerably  dis- 
turbed by  excavators  and  also  plowed  over  a  number  of  times;  hence  many 
objects  had  doubtless  been  carried  away  by  previous  visitors. 

Stover's  Shell  Heap.  Near  Sorrento,  on  the  east  side  of  Frenchman's 
Bay  opposite  Hancock  Point,  is  a  shell  heap  on  the  estate  of  Mrs.  Louise 
Stover.  It  lies  nearly  north  and  south  along  the  shore  for  82  meters  and  var- 
ies from  10  to  12  meters  in  width.  Three  or  four  meters  of  the  width  have 
been  washed  away  by  the  tides.  The  depth  was  from  a  quarter  of  a  meter  to 
one  meter. 

The  site  had  not  been  disturbed  by  previous  investigation,  but  we  ex- 
cavated only  about  half  of  the  heap,  as  the  ocean  was  undermining  the  bank 
and  the  owner  did  not  wish  it  dug  down.  There  were  no  strata  or  periods 
of  occupancy  to  be  observed,  all  indications  pointing  to  a  gradual  and  steady 
accumulation  of  the  material.  Human  relics  were  numerous  but  there  were 
no  indications  of  a  knowledge  of  European  culture.  Flint  implements  pre- 
dominated over  bone  tools. 

In  the  bottom  layer  the  shells  were  decayed  and  there  was  very  much 
black,  soft  earth,  from  a  deposit  of  ashes  and  charcoal,  with  stones  twenty 
to  fifty  centimeters  in  diameter  which  showed  blackening  by  fire.  Some  two 
hundred  objects  of  interest  were  recovered,  including  harpoons,  a  pipe,  an 
effigy,  fish  hooks,  etc.  The  position  of  the  objects  was  the  same  as  elsewhere. 


*  Vol.  XXXIV,  July,  1912,  pp.  17-42. 


SHELL    HEAPS    OF    MAINE  163 

Many  were  found  about  the  large  hearths  or  between  fire  stones  in  the  base 
as  if  lost.  As  it  is  not  likely  that  good  fish  hooks,  awls,  and  chipped  objects 
would  be  thrown  away,  it  seems  that  the  more  perfect  forms  must  have  been 
accidentally  dropped. 

A  complete  catalogue  of  the  objects  found  in  Stover's  shell  heap  in- 
cludes more  than  nine  hundred  numbers. 

Boynton's  Shell  Heap.  We  examined  many  other  shell  heaps  on  the 
islands  in  Frenchman's  Bay  and  Skillings  River  and  cruised  about  the  re- 
gion seeking  a  large,  undisturbed,  deep  shell  heap,  in  order  that  we  might 
make  original  and  more  thorough  observations.  We  found  one  at  last  at 
Old  Point  in  the  town  of  Lamoine,  not  far  from  the  coaling  station  of  the 
Navy  and  overlooking  the  long  bridge  of  the  Ellsworth-Bar  Harbor  road. 
It  was  owned  by  Mr.  Nathan  Boynton,  who  kindly  permitted  extensive 
excavations. 

This  proved  to  be  the  largest  occupied  site  that  we  discovered  during  our 
eight  seasons  in  Maine.  It  lies  on  the  east  side  of  a  long,  narrow  point  jutting 
out  southward  into  an  arm  of  the  sea,  with  a  large  clam  flat  both  to  the 
right  and  to  the  left.  The  Indian  village  which  it  represents  was  located 
near  the  outer  end  of  the  point  and  extended  back  toward  the  main  land  for 
three  hundred  meters,  with  a  width  of  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  meters. 

After  test  pits  had  been  sunk  and  indications  shoxved  that  the  heap  was 
one  meter  and  a  half  at  its  greatest  depth,  we  investigated  further  to  the 
north  and  found  shells  three  to  ten  centimeters  deep,  more  than  two  hun- 
dred meters  distant  from  the  thickest  part.  While  the  shells  are  heavily  de- 
posited over  the  area  cited,  they  are  also  scattered  thinly  along  the  adjacent 
land,  and  chips  of  felsite,  arrow  heads,  etc.  occur  in  the  neighborhood.  Prob- 
ably the  village  extended  beyond  the  actual  shell-heap  layer  and  our  esti- 
mate of  three  hundred  meters  does  not  cover  the  entire  site. 

Boynton's  was  one  of  the  largest  shell  heaps  ever  worked  out  in  detail, 
and  the  richness  of  the  site  in  objects  and  its  undisturbed  state  enabled  us  to 
make  some  observations  of  value.  We  did  not  excavate  areas  where  the 
deposit  of  shells  was  less  than  forty  centimeters  in  thickness,  and  some 
spaces  along  the  ocean  front  were  left  at  the  owner's  request,  but  for  prac- 
tical purposes  it  was  all  explored. 

It  was  evidently  a  place  of  residence  for  a  considerable  length  of  time. 
There  was  space  for  at  least  forty  wigwams,  possibly  sixty,  and  the  place 
was  so  situated  that  it  could  easily  be  defended  against  attack.  A  careful 
estimate  of  the  number  of  clams  in  the  Boynton  heap  is  impossible,  but  we 
did  some  measuring  and  computing,  taking  into  account  the  space  occupied 
by  broken  shells,  and  our  observations  enabled  us  to  estimate  roughly  that 
the  heap  contained  some  seven  million  double  shells,  not  halves.  As  the 
clams  are  very  large,  fourteen  would  be  ample  for  a  meal  for  one  person. 
Thus  Boynton's  heap  would  represent  half  a  million  meals.  The  shells  are 


164  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

much  decayed,  and  often  nothing  remains  but  the  hinges.     A  comparison 
between  modern  "clam  factory"  heaps  and  the  prehistoric  accumulation 
was  made  by  our  party,  and  it  was  not  difficult  to  distinguish  one  from  the 
other,  the  modern  remains  being  clean,  fresh  shells,  with  no  debris. 
The  field  notes  state : 

"Thursday,  Aug.  28th,  we  took  out  307  objects.     Friday  we 
found  224.    We  were  in  the  richest  part  of  the  heap.    Up  to  Mon- 
day evening,  September  1st,  we  had  dug  a  trench  48  meters  long 
N.  E.  and  S.  W.  besides  many  smaller  pits.  .  .  .  The  hand-trowel 
work  shows  two  and  possibly  three  periods  of  occupancy.    All  indi- 
cations point  to  a  permanent  camp  and  show  that  the  site  was  in 
use  for  a  long  time.    At  the  bottom  we  find  an  irregular  surface  — 
depressions,  elevations,  boulders,  etc.     The  shells  left  by  man 
filled  up  these  depressions  and  thus  a  uniform  surface  was  obtained." 
This  condition  accounts  for  the  shells  occurring  in  pockets,  in  sunken 
places,  and  at  various  depths.    In  a  few  spots  they  were  only  half  a  meter 
deep,  but  usually  three  fourths  of  a  meter  to  a  meter  and  a  half.     Again, 
there  were  places  in  which  the  deposit  was  nearly  uniform  for  two  or  three  or 
even  five  meters. 

The  top  layer  of  shells  is  badly  broken  down  to  plow  line,  about  twenty- 
five  to  thirty  centimeters.  These  upper  shells,  although  broken  into  very 
small  fragments,  are  fairly  firm  in  substance.  Those  lower  down  are  more 
decayed,  either  from  the  action  of  water  or  from  the  earth  in  which  they  lie. 

Most  of  the  bone  tools  lie  near  the  bottom,  few  if  any  being  near  the 
grass  roots.  A  very  few  are  twenty  to  thirty  centimeters  down,  but  they 
usually  begin  to  occur  at  forty -five  to  fifty  centimeters  and  are  most  numer- 
ous seventy  to  one  hundred  and  twenty  centimeters.  They  lie  for  the  most 
part  in  thick,  dark,  almost  black  soil,  at  the  base  of  the  shells.  My  opinion 
is  that  they  have  sifted  down  through  the  loose  shells  to  the  lower  levels. 
Bone  implements  near  the  surface  would  be  turned  up  in  plowing  and  soon 
decay  when  separated  from  the  ashes.  Felsite  arrow  and  spear  points  are, 
however,  common  in  the  top  layer. 

In  the  second  or  central  layer  (see  fig.  74)  the  shells  are  often  loose  — 
pure  shells  without  much  earth  and  not  badly  broken.  They  are  brittle 
and  can  often  be  crushed  in  the  hand.  These  shells  lie  for  the  most  part  in 
pockets  one  to  three  meters  in  width,  and  it  seems  as  if  a  number  of  natives 
had  at  this  particular  place  opened  several  bushels  of  clams.  Few  bones 
occur  in  this  middle  layer.  As  the  shells  are  loose  and  must  have  been  so 
when  first  deposited,  it  is  likely  that  any  heavier  object  dropped  among  them 
would  gradually  settle  to  the  bottom. 

Figure  72  shows  an  average  section  of  Boynton's  where  the  accumula- 
tion is  one  to  one  and  a  third  meters  in  depth,  and  might  represent  almost 
any  part  of  the  heap  area.  It  clearly  shows  two  and  possibly  three  periods  of 


SHELL   HEAPS    OF   MAINE  165 

occupation.  In  layers  D  and  G  the  shells  are  generally  distributed  but  the 
artist  has  shown  only  deposits  of  clean  shells.  In  many  places  and  at  various 
depths  in  Boynton's  heap,  great  masses  of  clean,  nearly  perfect  shells  appear. 
It  would  seem  that  these  clams  were  boiled  or  steamed  and  the  shells  thrown 
down  in  a  heap  together.  More  usually  the  shells  are  blackened  as  if  the 
clams  had  been  roasted  on  stones  or  in  hot  ashes.  The  deposits  of  clean 
shells,  one  to  two  meters  in  diameter,  are  free  from  artifacts,  these  objects 
being  found  where  shells,  earth,  and  charcoal  are  intermingled.  The  larger 
percentage  of  objects  comes  from  around  the  large  stones  and  muck  deposits 
in  the  bottom  layer  or  on  the  base  of  the  heap,  which  is  the  original  surface 
of  the  ground. 

Bone,  clay,  and  stone  objects  were  very  numerous  at  Boynton's.  We 
secured  about  five  thousand  in  1913,  and  when,  after  the  Susquehanna  ex- 
pedition of  1916,  Mr.  Heye*  of  New  York  employed  our  Maine  crew  to  ex- 
cavate the  heap  further,  they  recovered  about  twenty-two  hundred  addition- 
al specimens.  Many  others  must  have  been  washed  away  by  tides  anqMost, 
for  Mr.  Boynton  claims  that  his  "point"  has  narrowed  at  least  six  or  eight 
meters.  The  grand  total  of  objects  in  the  heap  we  cannot  estimate,  but  the 
number  of  seventy-two  hundred  catalogued  in  the  two  museums  indicates 
the  importance  of  this  place  to  the  Indians.  We  need  not  repeat  the  whole 
list,  but  these  are  a  few  of  the  more  important  groupings:  Human  bones 
(scattered)  8.  Bone  arrow  points,  awls,  fish  hooks,  etc.,  1568.  Worked  bones 
221.  Harpoons  and  similar  objects,  81.  Chipped  stone  knives,  45.  Arrow 
and  spear  heads,  197.  Rough  celts  or  hatchets,  93.  Pottery  fragments 
over  1500.  In  addition  there  were  fragments  of  birch  bark,  a  copper  frag- 
ment, a  rough  slate  knife,  part  of  a  stone  pipe,  a  bit  of  worked  hematite,  and 
one  small  pendant.  This  is  just  our  collection. 

Pottery  is  common  at  Butler's,  Boynton's  and  Stover's  shell  heaps  but 
rare  elsewhere.  Some  fragments  were  found  at  Sullivan  Falls  and  Ingalls 
Island,  but  no  quantities  except  at  the  places  named. 

Scattered  throughout  the  heap  are  the  bones  of  large  and  small  animals, 
birds  and  fish.  The  bones  are  so  often  grouped  by  threes,  sixes  or  more, 
that  we  concluded  that  the  parts  of  one  animal  had  been  eaten  and  the  bones 
thrown  down  on  the  same  spot.  The  bones  occur  at  various  depths  but  us- 
ually more  than  thirty  centimeters  from  the  surface.  They  are  frequently 
associated  with  charcoal  or  burnt  stones. 

Of  the  great  quantities  of  animal  bones  found  in  this  heap,  several  bush- 
els were  sent  to  Dr.  Allen  for  examination.  He  identified  the  grey  seal 
(halichhoerus)  as  distinguished  from  the  harbor  seal,  the  prehistoric  Indian 
dog,  of  which  there  were  many  bones  including  skulls,  and  the  large  mink. 
The  bones  of  these  three  animals,  the  large  mink,  the  grey  seal  and  the  In- 


*  Mr.  George  G.  Heye  of  the  Museum  of  the  American  Indian. 


166  MAINE   ARCHAEOLOGY 

dian  dog,  were  nearly  all  found  in  the  lower  layers  of  Boynton's  and  other 
shell  heaps.  Dr.  Allen  states  that  these  three  species  have  been  extinct  for 
some  time.  In  addition  to  the  list  of  mammals  already  identified  from  the 
Calf  Island  shell  heap,  he  found  large  numbers  of  wolf,  deer,  lynx,  raccoon, 
and  muskrat  bones.  Of  the  birds,  the  cormorant,  eagle,  duck,  goose  and 
great  auk  seem  to  be  most  numerous. 

A  peculiarity  observed  in  most  of  the  Maine  shell  heaps  is  that  there 
are  almost  as  many  animal  as  fish  bones.  At  Boynton's,  fish  ribs  and  ver- 
tebrae were  common  but  the  animal  bones  predominated.  The  writer  has 
never  known  of  claws  or  shells  of  lobsters  occurring  in  shell  heaps.  Boyn- 
ton's site,  having  been  occupied  as  a  place  of  residence  for  a  long  time,  would 
have  furnished  us  some  evidence  of  the  use  of  lobsters  for  food  if  they  had 
been  so  employed  by  the  natives.  Some  very  small,  minute  bones  have 
been  preserved  in  the  ashes,  and  as  lobster  shells  are  heavier  than  these 
light  bones,  we  cannot  conceive  how  they  could  completely  disintegrate. 
Their  absence  seems  to  be  due  not  to  decay  but  to  the  fact  that  the  lobster 
was  taboo  among  these  Indians. 

CASTINE 

In  1915  our  expedition  located  at  Castine  early  in  June  and  observations 
were  continued  there  during  three  months.  We  searched  along  the  coast  for 
Red  Paint  People  sites  but  found  none  at  this  time.  The  Tarr  and  Stevens 
cemeteries  on  Georges  River  were  explored  in  August  of  this  year,  with  Cas- 
tine as  a  base,  and  they  are  described  on  pages  87-93. 

There  were,  however,  numerous  shell  heaps  in  the  region  of  Castine. 
The  two  largest,  on  the  land  of  Professor  Von  Mach  and  Dr.  Wheeler,  were 
held  as  "reserves",  and  when  the  men  were  not  needed  elsewhere  they  were 
put  to  work  on  one  or  the  other  of  these  two  sites.  The  work  about  Castine 
became  of  interest  to  the  public,  especially  at  Von  Mach's,  where  the  scene 
of  our  explorations  was  visited  by  several  hundred  persons.  The  Bangor  and 
Piscataquis  County  Historical  Societies  held  a  field  meeting  at  this  site  in 
mid  summer. 

Little  was  found  in  any  of  the  shell  heaps  lying  within  the  town  limits 
of  Castine.  Whether  they  had  been  examined  by  residents  and  visitors,  or 
the  dearth  of  material  is  due  to  their  belonging  to  the  historical  period,  is 
not  known.  My  opinion  is  that  when  Indians  came  in  contact  with  Euro- 
peans they  abandoned  stone-age  implements.  Moreover  the  location  of  cot- 
tages, French  forts,  early  settlers'  'houses,  etc.  has  greatly  disturbed  the 
ground.  The  site  of  Count  Castine's  Fort  Pentagoet,  built  about  1666,  was 
excavated  by  us  so  far  as  we  could  operate  without  damage  to  the  walls  or 
property.*  We  found  that  it  had  originally  been  built  upon  an  ancient  shell 


*Dr.  Wheeler  says  the  first  French  settlement  at  Castine  was  about  1614. 


SHELL    HEAPS   OF   MAINE 


167 


heap,  but  the  soil  was  so  much  disturbed  that  accurate  observations  would 
be  impossible.  Hand-made  nails,  some  knife  blades,  a  slender  dagger,  gun 
flints  and  other  European  objects  were  uncovered.  Most  of  these  we  left 
with  the  Castine  Library  to  be  preserved. 

Other  comparatively  small  heaps  within  a  short  distance  of  Castine 
were  excavated  and  the  contents  shipped  to  Andover. 

We  spent  June  22-24  on  the  shell  heap  at  Leach's  Narrows  owned  by  Mr. 
Hooper.  It  is  six  kilometers  up  the  Bagaduce  River  on  the  north  bank  and 
is  about  forty  meters  long.  The  depth  ranges  from  twenty  centimeters  to 
one  meter,  with  an  average  of  half  a  meter.  We  ran  several  trenches,  con- 
necting them  later,  and  cleaned  out  the  pits  sunk  by  former  excavators. 
Our  total  trench  was  about  eleven  meters  long,  measured  back  from  the 
edge.  We  took  out  many  objects  of  bone  and  stone  and  found  also  near  the 
surface  a  small  copper  cross,  perhaps  a  crucifix  given  to  some  Indian  warrior 
by  the  priest  at  Fort  Pentagoet.  There  was  a  heavy  growth  of  thorn  bushes 
and  under  these  we  found  most  of  the  objects.  Nearly  all  lay  in  black  earth 
in  the  lowest  layer  of  shells.  There  were  thousands  of  brown-tail  moths  on 
small  bushes,  and  as  our  men  suffered  greatly  and  were  completely  covered 
by  the  hairs,  we  were  obliged  to  cease  operations  for  a  day  or  two. 


Cross  Section    of   Von  jTIacli  J  oliell  Jieap. 


A.  Turf.      ten. 

B.  Vpftr  laytr  of  sMls.  ioem. 

C    Dfcayfd  vtfttttiin  layer,  iem. 
J3.    Hetvj  mass  of  shells.   ~ioem. 
E    Decayed   ytfetitji-n  Ityer  3trn. 


T    Shells  W*arfh.     IStn. 
G.  ~Decijc<i  vefttition  ?ay«r  4cm. 
H.  Blackened  i?i«??s,<f*rfh1<^.  f5"cn 
I.  Decayed    tefttititn  hyer: 
J.  Base,  Tnosfly  assies.    10cm. 


FIG.  78. 


168  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

On  June  26th  we  worked  on  a  point  of  the  mainland  opposite  Nautilus 
Island  and  south  from  Castine  Harbor,  in  a  cove  about  three  hundred  and 
fifty  meters  east  of  High  Head.  Here  we  found  a  shell  heap  some  one  hun- 
dred and  ten  meters  long,  and  we  started  digging.  Near  the  west  end  of  our 
trench  we  found  the  top  of  a  human  skull,  forty  centimeters  down,  and  near  it 
lay  some  split  animal  bones.  This  was  not  a  burial.  Two  meters  from  the 
east  end  of  the  trench  and  nearly  one  meter  deep  were  fragments  of  another 
human  cranium  and  the  head  of  a  femur.  Animal  bones  lay  next  to  this 
also.  These  deposits  were  kept  separate  in  our  packing  boxes.  Similar 
finds  at  Boynton's  and  elsewhere  bring,  up  the  question  of  cannibalism 
among  the  shell-heap  people,  which  will  be  discussed  in  our  Conclusions. 
There  were  numerous  small  fragments  of  pottery  scattered  through  this 
heap,  and  about  a  bushel  of  bones,  flint  chips,  broken  implements,  etc.  were 
saved. 

The  shell  heap  on  Ludlow's  Point  is  situated  less  than  two  kilometers 
up  the  Bagaduce  River  from  Leech's  Narrows.  The  site  here  is  small,  be- 
ing not  more  than  twenty  meters  in  length  by  twelve  meters  in  width .  The 
shells  are  not  thick,  but  there  is  a  great  deal  of  black  earth,  charcoal  and 
ashes.  The  deposit  varies  from  fifteen  to  thirty  centimeters  in  depth.  For 
the  size  of  the  ground,  this  place  yielded  more  objects  than  any  other  in 
which  we  have  dug.  The  men  found  about  seventy  chipped  implements, 
one  hundred  worked  bones,  and  one  hundred  pottery  fragments,  celts,  etc. 
within  this  small  space.  Also  the  average  of  specimens  found  on  this  site 
was  better  than  of  those  from  other  places,  the  objects  exhibiting  a  finer 
finish.  Ludlow's  Point  may  be  considered  the  site  of  a  small  village  rather 
than  a  refuse  shell  heap  of  the  usual  character,  since  in  such  heaps  the  art 
is  crude  and  few  well-made  specimens  are  found  in  proportion  to  the  whole 
number  of  objects. 

Wheeler's  Cove  Shell  Heap.  While  the  men  were  working  at  Ludlow's 
Point,  the  boys  and  I  spent  our  time  on  a  shell  heap  lying  on  the  south  side 
of  High  Head,  at  a  place  which  we  named  Wheeler's  Cove,  in  honor  of  Dr. 
George  A.  Wheeler,*  who  has  given  us  much  information  concerning  this  re- 
gion. This  heap  was  over  one  hundred  meters  long  and  from  one-fifth  to 
two-thirds  of  a  meter  in  depth.  Work  was  done  here  on  June  26,  28,  30,  and 
July  1-3.  Four  or  five  test  pits  were  sunk  and  these  were  gradually  extended 
until  they  joined  in  the  form  of  one  large  trench,  the  area  dug  out  being  about 
forty  by  twenty  meters.  We  recovered  1114  objects,  of  which  319  were  pot- 
tery fragments  and  the  remainder  bone  arid  stone,  but  the  percentage  of 
worked  bones  and  stones  was  not  high.  Although  so  near  Fort  Pentagoet, 
only  three  or  four  objects  denoting  contact  with  Europeans  were  discovered. 
On  the  last  day  of  work  a  skeleton,  fairly  well  preserved,  was  found,  the  head 
lying  a  few  centimeters  down  in  the  shells.  (See  fig.  77.) 

*  Author  of  "Castine,  Past  and  Present."     Boston,  1896. 


SHELL   HEAPS   OF   MAINE  169 

The  shore  here  is  rather  rough  and  rocky,  although  there  is  still  a  large 
clam  flat  in  front  of  it.  We  concluded  that  the  Indians  came  here  only  to  eat 
clams  and  that  there  were  no  cabins  or  wigwams  on  the  site.  It  was  a  short 
distance  by  canoe  from  better  beaches,  and  Nautilus  Island  or  Henry's 
Point  were  better  suited  for  habitation.  As  the  extent  of  our  excavations 
was  such  that  we  had  given  the  heap  a  good  test,  the  results  did  not  seem  to 
justify  further  work  here. 

Von  Mack's  Shell  Heap.  The  largest  shell  heap  near  Castine  is  on  the 
estate  of  Professor  Edmund  Von  Mach,  who  owns  the  land  known  as  Henry's 
Point,  lying  about  two  kilometers  east  of  Castine,  across  the  mouth  of  the 
Bagaduce  River.  This  heap  is  two  hundred  meters  long  or  more,  and  lies 
nearly  east  and  west,  following  a  slight  curve  of  the  shore  line.  The  bank 
on  which  it  is  situated  is  four  or  five  meters  above  high  tide.  The  location  is 
ideal  for  an  Indian  camp,  being  rather  level,  with  a  gentle  upward  slope 
toward  the  north. 

Professor  Von  Mach  kindly  gave  permission  for  unlimited  exploration 
and  we  decided  to  make  a  thorough  excavation,  as  this  large  heap  might  give 
us  data  on  the  culture  of  the  Castine  Indians.  There  was  no  more  promising 
site  in  the  neighborhood  and  diligent  search  had  failed  to  reveal  any  interior 
village  site.  Again,  as  it  was  some  distance  from  Boynton's  and  still  further 
from  the  Mount  Desert  heaps,  some  difference  in  local  culture  might  be  ob- 
served. Accordingly  we  decided  to  put  a  crew  of  three  or  four  men  at  work 
here,  who  would  change  places  with  a  second  crew  for  the  reasons  stated 
(p. 154)  keeping  the  work  continuous.  Work  was  begun  on  July  14,  and  for 
two  months,  from  two  to  six  men  labored  on  this  heap.  Our  total  excava- 
tions are  estimated  to  equal  one  hundred  meters  in  length  and  forty  in  width. 

The  heap  varies  from  one  third  of  a  meter  to  one  and  one  half  meters  in 
depth  and  near  the  center  of  the  deposit  the  shells  extend  back  toward  the 
north  for  at  least  thirty  meters.  It  is  said  that  five  or  six  meters  of  the  bank 
next  to  the  sea  have  been  washed  away  during  storms.  The  test  pits  devel- 
oped the  fact  that  a  thin  layer  of  shells  extends  nearly  two  hundred  meters 
toward  the  east  from  the  center  or  thickest  part  of  the  heap.  If  one  counted 
to  the  end  of  this  layer,  the  heap  would  extend  to  the  shore  line  opposite 
Professor  Von  Mach's  residence  and  be  more  than  three  hundred  meters 
long,  but  we  began  measuring  from  the  sunken  road  leading  from  his  mead- 
ow down  to  the  ocean,  and  consider  the  main  part  of  the  heap  to  be  about 
two  hundred  meters,  as  stated.  The  central  portion  of  the  heap  was,  roughly, 
one  hundred  meters  by  twenty-five  meters  and  varied  from  two  thirds  to 
one  and  a  half  meters  in  thickness. 

Our  first  trench  was  twenty-seven  meters  in  length  and  twelve  in  width. 
Very  little  was  found  in  the  upper  layer,  most  of  the  bone  and  stone  objects 
being  near  the  bottom.  Much  of  the  heap  was  dug  out  with  hand  trowels, 
although  the  ordinary  tools  were  used  for  the  heavy  work.  We  frequently 


FIG.  79.     At  top,  fragment  of  decorated  pottery,  later  Algonquian;  below,  two  fragments  of  decorated 
pottery,  Archaic  Algonquian.    S.  1-2.  Von  Mach's. 


FIG.  80.     Fragments  of  decorated  pottery.    Archaic  Algonquian.    S.  1-2.    Von  Mach's 


SHELL    HEAPS    OF    MAINE 


171 


found  areas  of  two  or  three  meters  where  there  were  very  few  objects.  In 
such  places  four  or  five  men  would  shovel  the  shells  and  debris  back  of  them 
and  five  students  or  boys  would  look  over  this  material  with  hand  trowels. 
This  hand-trowel  work  resulted  in  the  finding  of  more  objects  than  were  re- 
covered when  we  used  other  tools.  We  did  not  explore  all  of  the  heap,  for  the 
reason  that  our  finds  were  duplications  of  previous  acquisitions  and  we  need- 
ed the  men  for  other  work.  A  number  of  drawings  were  made  by  my  son, 
since  the  photographs  did  not  come  out  clearly. 

Nothing  very  remarkable  was  learned  from  a  detailed  study  of  the  shell 
heap  itself.  There  were  several  depressions  due  to  the  natural  irregularities 
of  the  surface  or  possibly  to  fire  places  dug  into  the  ground  when  the  first 
wigwams  were  built.  In  all  shell  heaps  the  ashes  are  thickest  and  the  most 
objects  are  found  where  these  depressions  occur.  The  surface  of  the  heap  is 
quite  regular,  sloping  gently  toward  the  sea,  and  the  irregularities  are  there- 
fore at  the  base  line,  not  on  the  surface. 


^^ 


FIG.  81.     Large,  stone  celt  or  hatchet  blades.    Boynton's  shell  heap.    S.  about  1-4. 


FIG.  82.     Small,  stone  celts  from  Boynton,  Stover  and  Wardwell  shell  heaps.    S.  1-3. 


1 1 


II 


FIG.  83.     Stone  celts  of  the  smallest  forms.      From  Boynton,  Stover,  Sullivan  Falls  shell  heaps. 
S.  about  1-2. 


174 


MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 


It  is  evident  that  this  heap  was  a  long  time  in  forming.  There  were 
numerous  layers,  which  were  most  noticeable  in  the  thickest  portion  of  the 
heap,  but  at  no  point  were  more  than  four  in  evidence.*  These  did  not  ex- 
tend more  than  ten  meters  continuously  in  any  place.  Frequently  they  ran 
six  or  seven  meters  and  then  became  irregular.  These  layers  are  due  to 
different  periods  of  occupation  but  it  is  not  probable  that  the  entire  surface 
was  evenly  occupied  at  one  time.  Rather,  there  must  have  been  first  a 
cluster  of  a  few  wigwams  at  one  spot;  then  possibly  years  elapsed  and  the 
mound  of  shells,  fire  stones,  etc.,  left  by  the  aborigines  became  covered  with 
grass  or  other  growth;  then  other  Indians  visited  the  spot  and  built;  their 
structures  went  up  on  the  former  site,  and  thus  the  heap  accumulated. 

All  the  shells  from  top  to  bottom  are  apparently  of  the  same  species  as 
the  clams  found  today  about  Castine,  although  the  average  size  is  much  lar- 
ger. Some  of  them  were  saved  for  examination.  In  many  places  the  shells 
were  burnt.  There  are  not  so  many  shells  at  the  base  as  higher  up,  the  lower 
stratum  consisting  chiefly  of  charcoal  and  ashes,  with  more  large  burnt  rocks 
than  are  found  in  the  middle  layers.  These  boulders  must  have  been  upon  the 
original  surface  of  the  ground.  It  seems  possible  that  Indians  lived  here 
before  they  began  to  eat  clams,  although  the  absence  of  shells  in  the  bottom 
layer  (see  fig.  78)  may  be  due  to  their  having  decayed,  as  they  must  of  neces- 


*  See  fig.  78,  from  a  drawing.     The  photograph  did  not  show  the  layers,  which  were  apparent  to 
the  eye  but  not  sufficiently  clear  as  to  colors  or  shades  to  affect  the  lens. 


FIG.  84.     Large  tools  for  grinding,  polishing,  etc.,  Stover's  site.    S.  about  1-4. 


SHELL    HEAPS    OF    MAINE  175 

sity  be  very  old.  At  one  point  we  found  twelve  or  fifteen  large  fire  stones 
lying  in  a  rough  circular  depression,  which  may  have  constituted  an  Indian 
hearth  or  fire  place.* 

Near  the  western  end  of  our  trench  there  was  a  very  heavy  growth  of 
thorn  bushes  along  the  ocean  front,  which  the  men  cut  back  some  twelve 
meters  in  order  to  dig  under  them.  In  the  middle  of  these  bushes  was  a  pile 
of  heavy  stones  which  had  been  hauled  out  by  farmers  and  dumped  over  the 
edge  of  the  bank  and  had  not  been  moved  for  forty  or  fifty  years,  according 
to  the  testimony  of  old  residents.  I  mention  this  particularly  because  sev- 
eral persons  told  me  that  Von  Mach's  heap  had  been  previously  explored.  I 
am  not  aware,  nor  can  I  find  any  record,  that  scientific  exploration  of  shell 
heaps  had  been  made  previous  to  1880,  in  the  State  of  Maine;  certainly  no 
one  had  ever  explored  under  the  large  stone  heap  which  we  moved.  We 
worked  very  carefully  under  it,  but  could  find  no  more  objects  there  than  at 
other  points  in  the  heap,  which  seems  to  prove  that  the  rest  of  the  heap  was 
also  in  an  undisturbed  condition.  Just  west  of  our  .main  pits  and  running 
from  the  face  of  the  bluff  toward  the  ocean  we  found  two  small  trenches, 
three  and  five  meters  long  and  now  overgrown  with  small  bushes,  which  must 
have  been  dug  eight  or  ten  years  before.  These  were  the  only  traces  of  pre- 
vious work. 

Something  over  twenty-four  hundred  artifacts  were  taken  from  Von 
Mach's  shell  heap,  537  being  pottery  fragments  and  the  bone  implements 
(awls,  fish  hooks  and  harpoons)  numbering  1074.  There  were  several  bone 
gouges,  one  long  slender  one  measuring  twenty  centimeters.  At  a  number  of 
points  we  found  hammer  stones,  discs,  or  turtlebacks,  and  a  great  quantity  of 
small  chips  and  spalls.  This  was  where  the  ancient  implement  maker  fash- 
ioned his  tools.  We  saved  such  deposits  carefully,  entire,  as  they  usually 
occurred  within  a  space  one  third  to  one  meter  in  extent.  Numerous  flat, 
slightly  hollowed  stones,  known  as  anvils,  were  taken  out.  These  too  were 
usually  surrounded  by  numbers  of  the  flint  chips,  spalls,  etc.  of  a  workshop 
site. 

The  best  pottery  was  found  one  half  meter  to  one  meter  below  the  sur- 
face. Some  of  the  fragments  fitted  together,  but  it  is  my  opinion  that  it 
would  be  impossible  to  restore  more  than  one-third  of  any  single  clay  vessel. 
Some  very  fine  decorated  pottery,  shown  in  figs.  79  and  80,  was  found  by 
Mr.  Sugden  at  the  base  line  near  the  eastern  end  of  our  trench,  but  he  was 
unable  to  secure  pieces  enough  to  restore  an  entire  jar  or  bowl,  although  he 
worked  with  a  hand  trowel  for  a  distance  of  three  meters  in  every  direction. 
The  decorations  and  form  indicate  one  of  the  finest  pottery  vessels  ever  dis- 
covered on  the  New  England  coast. 


*  The  stones  were  carefully  removed  and  transported  by  Dr.  Philbruk  to  his  residence  inCastine 
where  they  were  built  into  an  open-air  fireplace  on  his  lawn. 


176  MAINE   ARCHAEOLOGY 

Careful  study  failed  to  reveal  any  European  objects  in  either  upper  or 
lower  layers.  In  fact,  in  all  our  diggings  in  this  neighborhood  no  objects  of 
French,  Dutch,  or  English  origin  were  discovered  except  a  few  in  Wheeler's 
Cove  heap  and  now  and  then  one  in  the  shell  heaps  on  the  Bagaduce  River. 
Some  fragments  of  human  skeletons  were  found,  notably  the  heads  of  fem- 
urs. Why  the  head  of  the  femur  should  be  preserved  rather  than  other  bones, 
I  do  not  understand. 

Whether  the  site  was  inhabited  by  the  so-called  Red  Paint  People,  I 
cannot  determine,  but  my  opinion  is  that  it  was  not  so  inhabited,  although  it 
is  apparently  prehistoric.  It  seems  to  belong  to  the  general  shell-heap 
culture. 

The  surprising  thing  in  connection  with  the  two  largest  shell  heaps  near 
Castine  —  Wheeler's  Cove  and  Von  Mach's  —  is  that,  although  the  area  of 
either  one  almost  equals  that  of  Boynton's  at  Lamoine,  the  number  of  speci- 
mens found  is  by  no  means  so  large.  Indeed,  three  smaller  heaps  in  this  re- 
gion yielded  many  more  objects  in  proportion  to  their  size  than  the  large 
ones.  This  cannot  be  due  to  previous  exploration  so  much  as  to  the  fact  that 
the  Indians  on  these  larger  sites  did  not  leave  any  considerable  number  of 
tools. 

While  the  men  were  digging  at  Von  Mach's,  I  took  a  few  of  the  boys  and 
visited  Hog  Island,  ten  kilometers  south  of  Castine,  and  looked  at  the  shell 
heap  there,  which  is  larger  than  any  of  those  located  nearer  Castine.  We  al- 
so dug  several  pits  on  the  shell  heap  situated  on  the  adjoining  island,  known 
as  Pond  Island.  The  largest  of  these  heaps  is  at  one  point  nearly  two  meters 
deep,  but  it  has  been  greatly  disturbed  and  we  did  not  do  much  digging.  We 
found  very  large  quahogs  and  clam  shells,  some  of  them  twenty-three  cen- 
timeters in  diameter,  which  we  saved;  also  a  beautiful  pin  or  hair  ornament 
about  thirty  centimeters  long  and  carved  from  solid  bone.  This  is  the  larg- 
est bone  implement  I  ever  saw  taken  from  a  shell  heap. 

The  work  about  Castine  was  completed  by  inspecting  some  of  the  shell 
heaps  about  the  eastern  part  of  Penobscot  Bay  and  on  Eggemoggin  Reach. 
We  ran  a  trench  through  the  large  heap  on  Dr.  J.  Howard  Wilson's  estate  on 
Nautilus  Island,  but  the  objects  found  indicate  the  same  type  as  those  dis- 
covered at  Von  Mach's.  Further  research  in  the  shell  heaps  of  Castine  may 
yield  more  objects,  but  we  assume  that  they  will  be  of  the  same  general  char- 
acter and  will  add  little  to  our  present  sum  of  knowledge. 


MATERIAL    FROM    THE    SHELL    HEAPS       177 


FIG.  85.     Series  of  hammer-stones.    Boynton's  shell  heap.    S.  about  2-5. 

B.     MATERIAL  FROM  THE  SHELL  HEAPS 

During  several  years  of  explorations  in  the  State  of  Maine,  we  dug  in 
some  thirty -five  or  forty  shell  heaps.  In  those  heaps  in  which  very  little 
pottery  or  few  bone  or  stone  implements  occurred,  we  stopped  work  after 
opening  four  or  five  pits.  A  large  crew  was  taken  along  and  therefore  it  was 
possible  in  one  day,  with  an  average  of  ten  men  and  boys,  to  excavate  an  area 
8  m.  in  length,  6  m.  in  width  and  1  m.  deep.  Therefore  if  a  day's  work  in  a 
shell  heap  resulted  in  finding  less  than  fifty  or  sixty  objects,  the  heap  was 
abandoned  and  we  got  aboard  our  boats  and  moved  to  another  site. 

Of  the  shell  heaps  examined,  there  were  ten  or  twelve  in  which  con- 
siderable work  was  done,  and  since  these  have  been  mentioned,  no  further 
general  description  of  them  is  required.  In  these  heaps  there  was  no  uni- 
form amount  of  material  to  be  found  in  each  square  meter.  One  small  sec- 
tion would  contain  ten  to  fifty  chips,  spalls,  bones,  tools,  etc.  while  an- 
other in  the  same  site  yielded  up  very  few  artifacts  or  little  refuse.  The 
places  where  we  found  the  most  debris  were  undoubtedly  wigwam  floors  and 
those  marked  by  masses  of  clean  shells  were  where  the  natives  ate  their 
clams  out  of  doors  in  good  weather  and  threw  the  shells  down  near  where 
they  sat.  Where  the  traces  of  fires  were  heaviest,  we  found  the  most  other 
indications  of  human  occupancy.  This  would  be  the  case  on  sites  occupied  in 
the  early  spring  or  through  the  winter,  when  shelter  was  necessary.  The 
Boynton,  Stover,  Von  Mach  and  Butler  sites  seem  to  have  been  such  per- 
manent camps,  for  so  much  material  would  not  occur  in  small  spots,  about 
mere  late  spring  or  summer  residences.  It  would  be  more  scattered  and  have 
less  kitchen-midden  accumulation. 


FIG.  86.     The  split  human  tibiae,  ornaments  and  pipe  from  the  shell  heaps.    S.  4-5. 


i'Mf 


FIG.  87.     Oval  or  primary.forms  of  chipped  objects.   Stevens',  Boynton's,  and  Wardwell's  sites.    S.  1-2. 


FIG.  88.     Eleven  finished  and  unfinished  knife  forms.    Some  of  these  might  be  worked  into  arrow- 
points.    S.  about  1-3. 


180 


The  implements  found  in  the  shell  heaps  are  mostly  service  tools  of  one 
kind  or  another  and  are  to  be  sharply  distinguished  from  artifacts  accom- 
panying burials.  "Nothing  common  or  unclean"  will  apply  to  the  average 
mortuary  offerings  of  Indians;  the  reverse  is  true  of  kitchen-midden  and 
shell-heap  finds.  Here  we  have  the  work-tools,  vessels  and  other  objects 
used  in  daily  life  about  the  camps  or  wigwams.  The  finer  personal  posses- 
sions and  tools  are  absent,  so  much  so  that  it  is  an  almost  daily  remark  on 
the  part  of  the  survey  corps,  that  nothing  really  fine  or  artistic  in  the  way  of 
implement  is  discovered  in  these  places.  We  shall  illustrate  later  a  few  spe- 
cialized bone  tools  and  perhaps  two  or  three  ornamental  stones,  but  compar- 
ing the  hundreds  of  square  meters  of  excavations  in  shell  heaps  with  the 
amount  of  digging  in  cemeteries,  the  proportion  of  well-wrought  artifacts 
in  the  heaps  is  practically  a  negligible  quantity. 

A  general  sub-title,  therefore,  for  all  shell-heap  finds  except  the  shells 
and  broken  animal  bones  should  be  utility  or  service  tools.  Under  this  head 
we  might  group  them  tentatively  as  follows  :* 

Stone 
Celts 


Ground 


Pecked  or 
Battered 


Hatchets 

Rubbing  stones 

Plummets 

Axes 

Pipes 


Hammer  stones 
Pestles 


Chipped 
Unfinished 


Chipped 
Finished 


Bone 


Unfinished 


Cut  or  ground  bones 

Awls 

Handles 

Jaws 

Long  bones 


Finished 


Clay 
Pottery 
Pipes 


Turtlebacks 
Discs 
Blanks 
Blades 
Hammer  stones 

Spear  heads 
Arrow  heads 
Scrapers 
Knives 
Drills 

Flake  knives 
Awls,  single 
Awls,  double 
Arrow  points 
Fish  hooks 
Ornaments 
Handles 

Decorated  bones 
Harpoons 

Beaver-tooth  chisels 
Flaking  tools 


*  At  some  future  time  this  classification  should  be  expanded  and  worked  out  in  detail,  since  there 
is  abundant  material  for  a  monograph  on  this  single  feature  of  prehistoric  life  in  New  England. 


GROUND    STONE  181 

GROUND  STONE 

The  majority  of  the  ground  stone  objects  are  rude  rubbing  stones  and 
oval  stones  varying  from  eleven  to  twenty-two  centimeters  in  length,  which 
appear  to  be  on  the  border  line  between  the  celt-hatchet  form  and  the  or- 
dinary rubbing  stone.  Pebbles  of  various  materials  in  suitable  sizes  oc- 
curred along  the  shore-line.  Natives  selected  those  most  nearly  of  the  de- 
sired form,  transported  them  to  the  village  and  ground  them  to  sharp  edges 
for  hatchets  or  celt  blades.  They  knocked  fragments  from  either  side  along 
the  edges  of  others  and  used  them  probably  as  short  hand  clubs.  Fig.  81 
presents  three  of  the  large  celt-like  forms  with  fairly  sharp  edges,  from  Boyn- 
ton's  shell  heap.  The  originals  of  these  are  about  eighteen  centimeters  in 
length.  They  are  made  of  granite,  while  others  are  of  trap  and  heavy  slate. 
These  forms  are  rather  oval  in  cross  section  and  do  not  differ  from  the  ordi- 
nary celts  such  as  occur  on  Algonkian  sites  throughout  New  England.  Smal- 
ler celts  or  hatchet  blades  are  shown  in  fig.  82.  These  are  from  Wardwell's, 
Stover's,  and  Boynton's  shell  heaps.  All  of  them  are  blackened  by  contact 
with  charcoal  and  ashes.  Fig.  83  illustrates  the  very  small  chisel-like  blades 
common  in  the  heaps,  which  range  from  six  to  twelve  centimeters  in  length. 
None  of  these  tools  show  any  specialization  and  they  were  probably  used  in 
removing  hides  from  animals  and  scraping  hides  to  reduce  them  to  proper 
thinness  for  robes  or  clothing. 

In  our  collections  there  are  at  least  four  hundred  hatchets,  celts  and 
rough  stones  which  might  be  classed  either  as  unfinished  hatchets  or  as 
stone  clubs.  Fig.  84  is  a  series  of  four  large  stone  tools  found  in  Stover's 
shell  heap,  similar  to  those  from  Boynton's  and  elsewhere,  ranging  from 
twelve  to  twenty-two  centimeters  in  length.  They  are  not  edged  and  there- 
fore can  not  be  classed  as  hatchets  or  celts,  but  all  show  marks  of  abrasion. 
Whether  these  were  used  for  breaking  bones  in  order  to  extract  marrow,  or 
served  as  general  hand  weapons,  the  writer  is  unable  to  state.  One  thing  is 
certain,  they  are  not  edged  tools.  They  might  be  rude  pestles.  It  is  a  simple 
matter  to  arrange  a  continuous  series  beginning  with  the  well-defined  celt 
or  hatchet  and  ending  in  the  elongated,  club-like  stone  object.  At  some 
future  time,  when  some  one  makes  a  detailed  study  of  all  the  thousands  of 
implements  from  the  shell  heaps,  in  the  Peabody,  Bangor,  Andover  and  oth- 
er museums,  we  may  be  able  to  assign  specific  uses  to  such  objects.  Space 
forbids  further  discussion  here. 

So  few  plummets  were  found  that  we  may  pass  to  the  axes,  of  which  we 
have  but  two  or  three.  They  are  large,  rough  and  grooved,  and  do  not  differ 
from  ordinary  Algonkian  forms  of  the  hafted  axe.  No  Red  Paint  People 
forms  of  adze  blades  were  found  by  our  surveys  in  the  shell  heaps.  This 
seems  significant  and  should  be  the  subject  of  careful  research  in  the  future. 

Under  the  term  pecked  or  battered  stones  are  the  hammer  stones,  seven 


182 

of  which  are  shown  in  fig.  85,  from  Boynton's  shell  heap.  These  are  very 
common  and  may  be  the  ground,  carefully  worked  hammer,  or  the  irregular 
quartz,  granite  or  trap-rock  hand  hammer.  They  do  not  differ  essentially 
from  hammer  stones  found  elsewhere  in  the  United  States. 

Two  ornaments  of  fine-grained  sandstone  were  discovered  in  Stover's 
shell  heap  and  these  are  shown  full  size  in  fig.  86.  Both  were  down  near  the 
bottom  and  lay  in  a  deposit  of  decayed  shells  and  animal  bones.  The  effigy 
pendant  is  more  nearly  like  Red  Paint  forms  than  anything  else  we  found, 
but  the  flat,  incised  ornament  is  rather  different. 

CHIPPED   STONE 

One  would  naturally  suppose  that  next  to  bone  implements  and  tools, 
the  usual  chipped  knives,  scrapers,  projectile  points  and  flint  rejects  would  be 
most  common  in  the  shell  heaps.  This  supposition  is  entirely  correct.  Great 
quantities  of  felsite,  quartz,  quartzite  and  occasionally  dark  flint  artifacts 
occurred  in  the  heaps.  It  is  not  difficult  to  classify  them,  for  most  of  the 
finished  ones  are  simple  forms. 

By  far  the  greatest  quantity  of  chipped  material,  however,  consists  of 
large  flakes  and  spalls,  which,  if  found  elsewhere  than  in  shell  heaps,  might  be 
classified  as  rejects.  Considering  the  simplicity  of  shell-heap  tools,  it  is 
more  likely  that  many  such  fragments  of  felsite,  quartzite  and  kindred  ma- 
terial, from  five  to  fourteen  centimeters  in  length,  were  used  as  tools  in  open- 
ing clams  and  splitting  bones,  sawing  bones  into  sections,  etc.  In  fact,  a 
skilful  blow  with  a  stone  hammer  on  a  block  of  Kineo  felsite  would  produce  a 
large  flake  with  a  very  sharp,  thin  edge,  which  might  well  serve  as  a  knife. 
It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  the  shell-heap  dwellers  would  resort  to  the 
trouble  of  working  out  a  complete  knife  when  a  flake  would  serve  the  pur 
pose  just  as  well.  It  is  now  known  that  the  dwellers  in  European  caves, 
prior  to  the  higher  development  of  stone-age  art,  made  use  of  large  flakes  as 
knives.  Many  hundreds  of  such  flakes  have  been  found  in  our  shell  heaps, 
and  probably  several  thousand  at  Boynton's  alone.  One  is  shown  on  the 
right  in  fig.  91.  Although  our  survey  retained  large  numbers  of  them,  a  great 
many  were  not  preserved.  Had  they  been,  our  total  of  7,200  specimens  of 
human  handiwork  from  Boynton's  would  have  been  considerably  augmented. 

The  finished  specimens,  in  the  order  of  frequency,  are;  (1)  Forms  with- 
out stem,  either  oval  (leaf-shaped)  or  triangular.  (2)  With  stem  (shoul- 
dered) but  not  barbed.  (3)  Shouldered  and  barbed.  (4)  Scrapers.  There 
are  no  specialized  knives  and  very  few  drills.  The  oval  forms  such  as  are 
shown  in  figs.  87  and  88,  are  seldom  classed  by  archaeologists  as  projectile 
points.  They  are  probably  small  knives,  although  they  may  have  been  pro- 
jectile points.*  They  vary  from  about  six  to  twelve  centimeters  in  length. 

*  See  the  "Baltimore  Classification,"  Baltimore  meeting  of  the  American  Anthropological  Asso- 
ciation, December,  1908,  in  American  Anthropologist,  Jan.-Mar.  1909,  pp.  116-118;  or  "Stone  Age 
in  North  America,"  W.  K.  M.,  pp.  23  ff. 


183 

The  nine  shown  came  from  Stover's,  Boynton's,  and  Wardwell's  sites.  Fig. 
88  illustrates  eleven  simpler,  not  specialized  forms,  in  which  it  will  be  ob- 
served that  there  is  little  or  no  secondary  chipping.  Fig.  92  represents  four 
knives,  two  from  Von  Mach's  shell  heap  and  two  from  Boynton's,  of  more 
specialized  form  than  is  usual  in  shell  heaps.  Fig.  90  illustrates  four  chipped 
objects  from  Von  Mach's  and  Boynton's.  Attention  is  called  to  the  con- 
trast between  the  two  slender  knives  and  the  rather  thick,  oval  forms,  which 
are  the  most  common.  Fig.  89  shows  five  typical  shell-heap  knives  from  Von 
Mach's  and  Boynton's  sites.  They  are  of  felsite  and  well  wrought  and  for 
the  most  part  have  straight  bases.  Fig.  91  illustrates  on  the  left  a  sharp  knife, 
one  end  rather  straight,  the  other  rounded,  which  is  also  a  common  arti- 
fact. In  the  center  is  a  heavy  flake,  chipped  along  the  side;  it  might  be 
termed  an  elongated  scraper.  These  are  rather  common.  To  the  right  is  a 
heavy  flake-knife  of  the  kind  described  on  the  preceding  page.  There  are 
few  if  any  large  spears  or  knives,  and  it  is  probable  that  the  shell-heap  people 
usually  cohtented  themselves  with  making  rather  small  chipped  objects. 

Fig.  93  is  a  series  of  scrapers.  We  seldom  find  the  specialized,  spoon- 
shaped  scraper  or  the  notched  scraper,  nearly  all  ours  being  of  the  ordina- 
ry oval  forms  shown  here.  The  natives  in  the  west  re-chipped  the  edge  of  a 
broken  arrow  head  to  convert  it  into  a  scraper,  but  this  practice  does  not  ap- 
pear along  the  Maine  coast.  Most  of  the  scrapers  here  are  wrought  from 
flakes,  but  occasionally  from  broken  knives. 

The  nearest  approach  to  the  drill  form  is  seen  in  the  second  from  the 
right  in  fig.  94.  These  objects  are  probably  small,  slender  knives,  rather  than 
perforators.  The  arrow  points  and  spear  heads  are  of  the  long,  slender  forms 
shown  in  fig.  95.  These  specimens  are  from  Stover's,  Wardwell's,  and  Boyn- 
ton's shell  heaps  but  are  also  typical  of  finds  in  chipped  objects  from  the 
Castine  region. 

We  spoke  of  the  rarity  of  fine  workmanship  in  the  chipped  objects. 
Fig.  96  shows  the  best  of  the  larger  forms  we  found.  The  longest  spear  head 
is  bevelled  and  almost  rotary,  which  is  not  usual  in  Maine.  The  broad,  al- 
most "pennate"  spear  head  was  originally  longer,  but  became  broken,  was 
re-chipped  and  made  serviceable.  The  two  deeply  barbed  points  are  above 
average  workmanship.  Such  projectiles  are  not  types  but  either  mark 
occasional  ability  of  shell-heap  dwellers  to  do  unusually  good  work  or  they 
may  have  been  acquired  by  aboriginal  trade  from  elsewhere.  As  will  be  ob- 
served later  in  this  volume,  much  finer  art  in  chipped  stone  is  found  on  the  in- 
terior village  sites  than  in  the  shell  heaps. 

In  speaking  of  the  materials,  we  use  the  term  "Kineo  felsite,"  but  there 
are  many  boulders  of  this  same  material  along  the  Maine  coast  and  it  is 
quite  likely  that  local  material,  as  well  as  that  from  Kineo,  was  used. 


i'l 


FIG.  89.     Typical  shell  heap  knives  from  Von  Mach's  and  Boynton's.    S.  3-5. 


FIG.  90.     Slender  and  broad  knives  from  Von  Mach's  and  Boynton's  shell  heaps.     S.  1-2. 


FIG.  91.     Short  knife  and  elongated  scrapes,  and  one  of  the  heavy  flake  knives;  Boynton's.    S.  1-2. 


FIG.  92.     Knives  of  more  specialized  forms,  from  Von  Mach's  and  Boynton's  shell  heaps.    S.  1-2. 


186  MAINE   ARCHAEOLOGY 

POTTERY 

As  stated  before,  we  have  been  unable  to  restore  any  entire  vessel  from 
the  pottery  found  in  the  shell  heaps.  In  figs.  79  and  80  some  of  the  frag- 
ments of  decorated  pottery  are  shown.  They  are  of  the  types  called  archaic 
Algonkian  and  later  Algonkian  by  Mr.  Willoughby  in  his  study  of  the  pot- 
tery of  the  New  England  Indians  in  the  Putnam  Anniversary  Volume.* 
A  comparison  of  the  large  number  of  fragments  found  in  our  shell  heaps  with 
his  text  and  illustrations  indicates  that  what  he  terms  archaic  Algonkian  pot- 
tery is  most  common  here.  We  find  some  fragments  of  later  Algonkian, 
particularly  at  Von  Mach's  (upper  object  in  fig.  79)  and  elsewhere  about 
Castine,  but  it  is  not  common  in  the  heaps.  Careful  study  of  the  Phillips 
Academy  collection  might  reveal  some  Iroquoian,  but  the  writer  has  ob- 
served none  of  it. 

Some  comments  in  the  article  cited  on  the  pottery  from  the  great  oyster- 
shell  mounds  at  Damariscotta  are  of  interest.  Professor  Putnam  placed  an 
observer  on  the  spot  at  the  time  one  of  the  larger  mounds,  known  as  the 
Whaleback,  was  levelled  in  order  that  the  shells  might  be  ground  for  com- 
mercial purposes.  Pottery  was  found  scattered  throughout  the  heap,  and 
some  archaic  Algonkian  was  at  a  depth  of  nearly  five  meters.  A  decoration 
of  broad  vertical  bands  of  incised  or  indented  ornament,  which  Mr.  Wil- 
loughby calls  an  unusual  arrangement  seen  only  in  very  old  specimens  from 
the  lowest  layer  at  Damariscotta,  occur  also  on  some  fragments  from  the 
shell  heaps  examined  by  our  surveys. 

Mr.  Willoughby  states:**  "It  seems  that  the  art  of  pottery-making  was 
not  indigenous  to  these  states,  but  was  brought  to  this  region  at  a  period 
nearly  approaching  the  time  when  shell-fish  were  first  used  for  food 
along  our  coast.  Moreover,  but  little  if  any  advance  was  made  in  this  art 
during  the  long  period  necessary  for  the  accumulation  of  most  of  the  shell 
heaps,  pottery  from  the  lower  layers  showing  the  same  general  characteris- 
tics in  composition  of  paste,  in  form,  and  in  decoration,  as  that  from  the  up- 
per layers." 


*  New  York,  1909,  pp.  83-101. 
***  Loc.  cit.,  p.  88. 


FIG.  93.     A  series  of  scrapers.    Calf  Island,  Stover's,  Boynton's  and  Hutler's.     S.  S-4. 


BONES  189 

The  earliest  pottery  was  apparently  of  the  pointed-base  type.  Later 
this  was  modified,  especially  after  contact  with  the  Iroquois,  and  the  bases 
became  more  rounded,  but  in  strictly  prehistoric  sites  more  of  the  pointed- 
base  type  is  found  than  of  the  later  Algonkian.  Iroquoian  potters  seem  to 
have  been  more  skilled  than  the  Indians  of  New  England.  The  natives  of 
Maine  were  not  skilled  potters  and  they  used  ordinary  crushed  shells  or  pow- 
dered conglomerate  for  tempering,  in  the  place  of  lime.  Willoughby  has 
expressed  the  opinion  that  perhaps  their  clay  was  not  carefully  selected. 
Possibly  our  Indians  might  have  developed  a  higher  ceramic  art  had  they 
used  better  materials. 

It  is  suggested  that  when  the  next  large,  undisturbed  shell  heap  is  ex- 
plored, the  entire  structure  be  hand-trowelled  and  all  pottery  fragments 
found  within  an  area  of  four  or  five  meters  kept  together.  Such  a  procedure 
would  be  very  expensive  but  by  such  means  it  might  be  possible  to  secure 
enough  related  fragments  to  restore,  or  partly  restore,  some  entire  vessels. 
The  exhaustive  study  of  New  England  Indian  pottery  recommended  by  Mr. 
Willoughby,  might  well  be  deferred  until  more  original  exploration  or  field 
work  has  been  carried  on  throughout  the  country  east  of  the  Hudson  River. 

BONES 

Doctor  Allen,  in  his  examination  of  the  skeletal  material  from  the  heaps, 
has  stated  that  there  were  more  deer  bones  present  than  those  of  any  other 
animal.  Messrs.  Loomis  and  Young,  in  their  report  on  the  several  shell 
heaps  investigated,*  state  that  not  only  is  every  long  bone  split  or  crushed, 
but  that  small  bones  such  as  the  toes  are  also  broken  to  secure  the  marrow. 
As  the  condition  of  the  deer  crania  which  they  found  may  have  a  bearing 
among  other  things  upon  the  time  of  year  at  which  the  shell-heap  sites  were 
occupied,  I  quote  from  their  report  on  Sawyer's  Island  shell  heap  as  follows:** 
"There  were  53  crania  preserved,  of  which  52  belonged  to  males  and  only 
one  to  a  female.  Mills  concludes***  from  a  similar  state  of  affairs  in  the 
Baum  Village  Site,  that  the  Indians  showed  a  foresight  for  perpetuating  the 
deer  in  advance  of  that  now  exercised  by  man  generally.  However,  from 
studying  the  small  fragments  of  other  crania,  we  feel  that  the  explanation  is 
to  be  sought  in  another  direction.  The  crania  were  always  broken  open  to 
get  out  the  brain.  In  the  case  of  males  with  the  heavy  frontals,  strengthened 
to  support  the  antlers,  the  smashing  of  the  brain  case  was  done  in  the  parietal 
region,  the  thickened  frontals  remaining  intact;  while  in  the  case  of  females, 
the  frontal  bones  being  thin,  the  cranium  was  broken  through  this  region, 
or  they  were  at  least  also  broken  in  getting  the  brain  out.  So  only  in  males 
are  the  front  parts  of  the  cranium  preserved  intact. 


See  \>.  119,  foot  note. 
**  lac.  cil.,  p.  23. 
***  "Ohio  Arch,  and  Hist.  Soc.  Quart.  XV,  p.  79.  1900." 


FIG.  95.     Typical  arrow-points  and  spear-heads  from  the  shell  heaps.    S.  2-3. 


BONE    IMPLEMENTS 


191 


FIG.  96.     Fire  hafted,  chipped  objects  from  Boynton's,  Butler's  and  Von  Mach's.    Usually  the  forms 
from  shell  heaps  are  more  simple  than  this.    S.  1-2. 

"Another  interesting  feature  of  the  crania  is  the  fact  that  52  of  the  53 
crania  belonged  to  individuals  who  had  recently  shed  their  antlers  and  had 
not  as  yet  grown  new7  ones.  In  other  wrords,  these  deer  were  killed  in  the 
spring.  The  absence  of  individuals  with  partly  developed  or  perfect  antlers 
indicates,  further,  that  the  camps  were  simply  spring  camps,  which  also 
coincides  with  the  best  fishing  season,  and  is  the  evidence  that  these  heaps 
wrere  made  during  periodic  visits  to  the  sites." 

As  there  were  many  caribou  in  Maine  when  the  first  settlements  were 
established  it  is  curious  that  so  few  caribou  bones  are  found  in  the  shell  heaps. 
Either  that  animal  came  in,  in  comparatively  recent  times,  or  the  caribou 
kept  back  from  the  coast.  Old  hunters  inform  the  writer  that  there  were  still 
many  caribou  north  of  Bangor  and  particularly  in  the  Mt.  Katahdin  region 
in  their  early  days,  but  they  were  not  to  be  found  near  the  sea.  This  may 
account  for  the  absence  of  caribou  bones  in  the  heaps. 

BONE  IMPLEMENTS 

Willoughby's  suggestion  that  the  pottery  of  New  England  should  be 
studied  in  detail  applies  also  to  the  thousands  of  worked  bone  tools,  bones  in 
process  of  manufacture  into  implements,  and  broken  bones,  in  the  Salem, 
Cambridge,  Andover,  Portland,  Castine,  New  York  and  other  museums. 
A  large  volume  could  be  prepared  upon  the  technology  of  this  wealth  of  ma- 
terial scattered  throughout  the  museums. 

Bone  was  much  more  easily  worked  than  stone.  Moreover,  it  was  al- 
ways obtainable.  In  the  winter,  when  because  of  ice  or  snow  it  might  be 
difficult  or  inconvenient  to  procure  stone,  there  were  always  in  the  wigwam 
the  bones  of  various  animals  which  had  been  killed  for  food.  It  is  quite 
natural  that  the  Indians,  having  eaten  the  bird  or  the  animal,  would  make 


192 


MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 


FIG.  97.     Antler-ends,  worked  into  implements.    Butler's,  Hodgkins',  Boynton's  sites.    S.  1-2. 

use  of  the  material  thus  conveniently  at  hand.  Even  the  process  of  splitting 
the  larger  bones  to  extract  marrow,  suggested  the  making  of  harpoons,  ar- 
row points,  fish  hooks,  awls,  ornaments  or  knife  handles  from  the  fragments. 

Teeth  of  Animals.  When  a  large  animal  was  killed  and  the  skull  broken 
to  extract  the  brain,  the  fancy  of  the  savage  was  attracted  by  the  teeth.  He 
usually  removed  those  of  bears,  panthers  and  wolves  and  drilled  them  for  sus- 
pension as  ornaments,  as  is  shown  in  fig.  75.  We  find  in  the  heaps  great 
quantities  of  teeth  of  large  and  small  animals  and  our  figure  presents  the 
animals  named  and  in  addition,  the  lynx,  mink  and  beaver.  These  are  all 
carnivora.  The  teeth  of  the  moose,  deer,  beaver  or  raccoon  were  rarely 
perforated.  Beaver  teeth  were  sharpened  and  employed  as  chisels  for  work- 
ing wood.  We  have  at  Andover  several  hundreds,  most  of  which  have  thus 
been  treated.  They  were  probably  inserted  in  short  handles  and  used  on 
pine,  spruce  or  soft  maple,  for  the  manufacture  and  planing  down  of  wooden 
objects  or  utensils. 

Large  Bones.  The  ends  of  antlers  of  deer  and  moose  were  sometimes 
used  as  awls,  but  more  frequently,  being  blunt,  as  is  shown  in  figs.  97  and  98 
probably  served  as  heads  of  clubs.  The  smaller  deer  prongs  from  southern 
and  western  village  sites  are  frequently  pointed  and  were  used  as  awls.  This 
custom  did  not  obtain  to  any  extent  among  the  dwellers  of  the  shell  heaps. 
A  few  bone  gouges  were  found  in  Von  Mach's  and  Boynton's,  but  they  were 
not  common.  They  are  usually  made  of  moose  antler  for  the  reason  that  the 
moose  horns  were  broader  and  hence  more  serviceable  as  gouges  than  the 
deer  antlers.  The  larger  bones  served  also  as  handles  for  stone  tools,  but 
most  of  them  appear  to  have  been  cut  into  lengths  for  harpoons  and  fish 
hooks,  and  many  of  them  are  probably  chipping  tools  for  working  quartz, 


BONE    IMPLEMENTS  193 

chert  and  felsite.  The  femur,  tibia  and  humerus  were  heavy,  and  much 
stronger  or  more  substantial  tools  could  be  made  from  these  bones  than  from 
smaller  ones.  Fig.  99  at  bottom,  shows  a  heavy  moose  bone  partly  cut.  The 
native's  design  was  to  split  it  carefully,  then  probably  to  resplit  the  halves 
and  make  handles.  We  secured  various  bones  of  the  deer,  bear,  and  moose 
along  which  deep  grooves  have  been  cut,  apparently  with  flint  knives,  for 
the  purpose  stated.  These  heavy  bones  having  thus  been  divided,  were 
worked  down  further  until  such  forms  as  those  illustrated  in  fig.  99  resulted. 
All  are  made  from  solid  bones.  These  cut  or  grooved  bones  are  numerous 
and  vary  from  5  to  15  cm.  in  length. 

Many  of  the  cuttings  indicate  that  the  natives  were  working  to  secure 
sections  of  solid  bones  for  short  implements.  More  than  fifteen  hundred 
small,  pointed  polished  objects  were  recovered  in  the  two  explorations  of 
Boynton's  shell  heap.  (See  fig.  100.) 

These  implements  might  be  used  as  arrow  heads  or  as  fish  hooks.  Fish 
were  very  plentiful  and  it  was  comparatively  easy  for  the  Indians  to  go  out 
in  their  canoes  and  catch  cod,  hake,  haddock,  and  other  fish  a  short  distance 
off  shore.  For  this  purpose  a  straight  hook  was  just  as  serviceable  as  a 
curved  hook,  which  might  break.  Where  cod  are  numerous,  it  is  not  diffi- 
cult to  catch  them  even  with  such  primitive  tackle.  An  experiment  has  been 
tried  by  one  or  two  members  of  the  survey  and  resulted  satisfactorily.  Of 
the  curved  fish  hook,  the  only  one  the  writer  has  observed  from  Maine  was 
found  on  the  shore  of  Chesuncook  Lake  by  Mr.  Marks.  It  is  unusually 
large  and  strong  and  served  for  catching  lake  trout  or  large  brook  trout. 
Curved  hooks,  barbed  and  notched  for  attachment  to  the  line,  are  very 
common  in  village  sites  in  the  west  and  south  but  seem  practically  absent  in 
Maine. 

Bone  Handles.  Reference  has  been  made  to  handles  for  tools,  made  of 
bone.  Three  of  these  are  shown  in  fig.  98.  The  one  in  the  lower  right  hand 
corner  is  an  unusual  form,  the  others  are  common.  Some  of  the  poorer  so- 
called  handles  were  probably  chipping  tools  and  it  is  somewhat  difficult 
to  separate  those  that  should  be  so  classified  from  the  tool  handles.  Fig. 
106  presents  two  of  the  more  carefully  made  handles. 

Awls  and  Needles.  A  great  many  slender  awls  and  smaller  pointed  ob- 
jects, which  may  be  needles,  were  found.  Eleven  of  them  are  illustrated  in 
fig.  101 .  The  two  or  three  thinnest  ones  are  made  from  large  fish  ribs,  others 
from  bones  of  birds  and  animals.  These  awls  come  from  Von  Mach's, 
Boynton's  and  Stover's  shell  heaps.  There  is  nothing  to  distinguish  them 
in  form  or  manufacture  from  bone  awls  common  in  Indian  sites.  However, 
the  one  to  the  right  is  an  exception.  It  is  cut  from  a  long,  solid  bone  (per- 
haps moose)  and  is  26  cm.  in  length  by  4  to  6  mm.  wide.  Found  about  one 
meter  deep  in  shell  heap.  Neither  is  there  anything  special  to  remark  with 
reference  to  the  position  of  any  of  these  bone  tools.  Two  or  three  were 


FIG.  98.     Bone  handles  and  flaking  tools.    Boynton's.    S.  3-5. 


• 


FIG.  99.  Two  large  awls,  two  bone  handles,  broken  harpoon,  two  heavy  bones  deeply  incised, — (many 
of  these  have  been  found).  Natives  seem  to  have  made  their  harpoons  and  arrow-points  from  heavy 
bones  of  the  moose,  deer  and  caribou.  S.  8-4. 


1 


FIG.  100.     Typical  arrow-points  and  fish  hooks  of  which  several  thousand  have  been  found.     From 
shell  heaps.    S.  1-1. 


FIG.  101.     Series  of  awls  or  perforators.    The  one  to  the'right,  (57064)  — Pond  Island  shell  heap  is 
cms.  in  length.    S.  8-5. 


FIQ.  102.    Series  of  harpoons,  from  Boynton's,  Butler's,  Von  Mach's  and  Stover's  shell  heaps.    S.  3-4. 


BONE   IMPLEMENTS  199 

found  within  a  few  centimeters  of  each  other,  but  so  far  as  we  are  aware  no 
group  or  cache  of  them  has  occurred. 

Harpoons.  By  far  the  most  interesting  series  of  bone  implements  con- 
sists of  the  specialized  fishing  tools,  or  harpoons.  Fig.  104  shows  several  of 
the  larger  ones  wrought  from  the  heavy  bones  of  large  animals.  They  are 
from  Boynton's  shell  heap.  The  larger  object  in  the  figure  is  about  two  cen- 
timeters in  width  and  ten  centimeters  in  length.  Of  the  upper  one,  about 
one-third  remains.  These  have  seldom  been  found  perfect.  Fig.  103  por- 
trays twelve  harpoons  from  Boynton's,  Stover's  and  Butler's  shell  heaps, 
and  illustrates  the  different  forms,  from  the  slender,  single-barbed  to  those 
with  several  barbs.  Specialized  forms  are  shown  in  fig.  102.  Fig  103  pre- 
sents three  interesting  harpoons.  The  upper  left  one  is  notched  on  one  side, 
as  are  most  of  larger  harpoons.  Small  ones  are  usually  serrated  on  both 
sides.  In  fig.  99  is  a  broken  harpoon  of  unknown  length  which  is  perforated 
in  the  center.  Usually  they  are  perforated  at  the  end.  Fig.  102  presents 
harpoons  from  Butler's  and  Boynton's  shell  heaps,  those  in  the  upper  right 
and  lower  left  corners  having  unusually  small  serrations.  In  all  these 
figures  we  have  thirty  harpoons  of  various  kinds  from  the  shell  heaps.  The 
lower  row  in  fig.  103  are  the  most  common  forms,  especially  the  delicately 
shaped  small  ones,  which  are  from  five  to  eight  centimeters  in  length.  Of 
the  longer  ones,  the  originals  are  nine  to  twelve  centimeters  in  length.  The 
small  ones,  pointed  at  either  end  and  carefully  serrated,  are  as  fine  examples 
of  aboriginal  art  in  harpoon  manufacture  as  any  that  we  obtain  from  the 
shell-heaps.  Fig.  105  presents,  in  two  projectile  points,  a  striking  varia- 
tion from  the  established  types  that  we  have  been  describing.  The  larger 
one,  which  was  found  in  Boynton's  shell  heap  near  the  bottom,  is  probablv 
made  from  the  femur  of  a  moose  or  deer,  although  at  first  it  was  thought  to 
be  worked  from  a  human  femur,  is  shown  full  size.  It  is  rather  thick  and 
somewhat  curved  oh  the  inner  side,  and  is  the  only  large  spear  head  of  bone 
found  in  the  heaps,  so  far  as  we  can  ascertain. 

In  this  figure,  at  the  top,  is  a  portion  of  a  long,  decorated  bone.  Several 
of  these  were  discovered,  but  always  broken.  A  few  slender  perforated  flat 
ribs,  pointed  at  one  end  were  also  secured  from  the  lower  layers. 

In  this  fig.  105  are  six  tools,  four  of  which  are  double-pointed  and  all 
cut  from  heavy  bones.  Most  of  them  are  gracefully  tapered  or  angular.  The 
one  nearest  the  point  of  the  bone  spear  head  suggests  a  drill  in  bone.  Wheth- 
er these  are  specialized  awls  or  short  harpoons,  I  am  unable  to  state. 

C.     CONCLUSIONS 

A  number  of  interesting  comments  might  be  made  as  a  result  of  the  in- 
tensive work  in  these  shell  heaps.  Messrs.  Loomis  and  Young  thought  that 
the  sites  varied  as  to  the  predominating  material  found,  whether  of  bone,  or 
stone,  or  food  remains.  We  have  been  unable  to  tabulate  all  the  accumuhi- 


FIG.  103.     Series  of  harpoons,  from  Boynton's,  Butler's,  Von  Mach's  and  Stover's  shell  heaps.    S.  1  -1 . 


IWI 


Fia.  104.     The  largest  harpoons,  some  of  which  are  perforated.    S.  «  3. 


202 

tions  of  our  years  of  work  and  therefore  cannot  present  statistical  tables,  but 
after  somewhat  careful  observation,  the  writer  concludes  that,  although 
there  are  differences  between  the  materials  and  life  forms  of  one  site  as 
against  another,  these  differences  are  not  sufficiently  marked  to  change  the 
general  character  of  our  conclusions. 

In  Fig.  86  is  our  most  interesting  specimen.  It  is  part  of  a  human  tibia, 
shown  4-5  size,  and  was  split,  apparently  purposely,  as  were  the  bones  of 
deer  and  moose.  This  fragment  of  human  femur  was  found  associated  with 
other  broken  human  bones  in  Boynton's  heap,  but  there  were  not  enough  to 
account  for  even  five  percent  of  a  human  skeleton.  Reference  has  been 
made  in  the  text  to  other  fragmentary  human  bones  found  in  these  shell 
heaps.  The  several  broken  human  bones,  such  as  the  femur,  tibia  or  the 
skull,  have  been  found  by  us  scattered  through  the  heaps  as  were  the  bones 
of  ordinary  animals.  It  might  be  premature  to  state  that  this  is  evidence  of 
cannibalism,  yet  considering  the  numbers  of  these  broken  human  bones  re- 
covered in  relation  to  the  amount  of  work  done  on  the  shell  heaps,  the  writer 
is  of  that  opinion. 

Numbers  of  dog  bones  were  found  in  the  various  sites.  In  Dr.  G.  M. 
Allen's  recent  paper,  "Dogs  of  the  American  Aborigines,"*  in  which  he  pre- 
sents illustrations  and  studies  of  the  shell-heap  dogs,  he  makes  the  state- 
ment that  two  or  three  kinds  of  dogs  lived  here  at  the  time  the  shell  heaps 
were  accumulated.  In  answer  to  a  question  from  the  author  of  this  report, 
he  wrote  under  date  Dec.  1,  1920:  "The  dogs  were  probably  of  two  distinct, 
or  more  or  less  distinct,  breeds.  The  major  and  common  Indian  dog  I  be- 
lieve were  really  one,  the  same  that  I  called  the  'Common  Indian  Dog.' 
The  minor  dog  is  a  smaller  breed,  and  I  have  considered  it  identical  with  the 
'short  legged  Indian  Dog',  the  same  as  described  by  Richardson  in  the 
Fauna  Boreali-Americana." 

The  extinct  sea  mink  (mustela  macrodon)  may  have  been  in  existence 
when  the  first  voyagers  came  along  the  Maine  coast.  Harbor  seals  are 
common  now  and  their  bones  occur  in  large  numbers  in  the  heaps,  together 
with  those  of  the  grey  or  Greenland  seal,  which  has  not  been  observed  along 
the  Maine  shores  for  many  years. 

Careful  search  of  the  earth,  ashes,  and  shells  fails  to  reveal  any  consider- 
able number  of  beads.  Since  the  ashes  have  a  tendency  to  preserve  such 
delicate  objects  as  fish  scales  or  fish  ribs,  if  bone  or  shell  beads  were  in  general 
use  it  is  presumed  that  the  Indians  would  have  lost  some  of  them  about  the 
heaps  arid  they  would  be  found.  Great  quantities  amounting  to  several 
quarts  of  beads  or  wampum  were  found  by  us  in  a  burial  ground  of  the  his- 
toric period  at  Sandy  Point  on  the  Penobscot;  but  we  found  no  beads  of  con- 
sequence, only  two  or  three,  in  all  our  shell-heap  work.  It  seems  reasonable 

*  Bulletin  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  at  Harvard  College,  Vol.  LXIII,   No    9, 
Cambridge,  1920. 


- 


FIG.  105.  Specialized  objects.  A  large  spearhead  of  bone  with  incised  lines  or  decorations.  It  is 
12  1-2  centimeters  in  length.  A  smaller  object  of  lx>ne,  projectile  point.  These  are  the  only  two  bone 
spearheads  found  in  the  shell  heaps.  A  decorated  bone  is  shown  at  the  top.  The  others  may  \te  special- 
ized harpoons.  From  Stover's,  Itm-ntmi's.  You  Mach's  and  Leech's  shell  heaps.  S.  5-0. 


204  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

to  conclude  therefore  that  the  art  of  bead  making,  together  with  that  of  pipe 
manufacture,  was  almost  unknown  by  the  Indians  who  lived  during  the 
first  few  centuries  of  shell-heap  construction.  Later  they  probably  had  both 
beads  and  pipes. 

The  lack  of  ornaments  in  stone,  but  two  being  found,  brings  up  the  in- 
teresting question  whether  ornamentation  by  means  of  gorgets,  etc.,  so 
common  in  western  New  England,  was  absent  or  nearly  so  among  the  shell- 
heap  dwellers.  There  is  the  same  question  with  reference  to  pipes  and  the 
custom  of  smoking.  The  presence  of  a  few  bone  gouges  and  a  lack  of  stone 
gouges  is  also  to  be  observed.  It  would  appear  either  that  bone  gouges 
preceded  those  of  stone,  or  that  the  natives  did  not  make  use  of  stone  gouges 
about  the  shell-heap  villages.  The  lack  of  plummets,  so  common  on  ordinary 
sites  back  from  the  coast,  is  also  significant.  These  factors  indicate  to  the 
writer  that  possibly  we  have  Indians  of  a  poorer  class,  or  less  advanced, 
living  along  the  coast.  Otherwise,  we  must  assume  that  those  who  did 
visit  the  coast  for  molluscs  and  fish  brought  none  of  their  better  arts  with 
them,  which  it  scarcely  seems  reasonable  to  suppose.  The  broken  human 
bones  previously  referred  to  suggest  cannibalism,  perhaps  a  rite  rather  than 
a  regular  custom.  This  would  further  strengthen  the  suggestion  that  settle- 
ments along  the  coast  present  a  type  of  Indians  inferior  to  those  of  the  in- 
terior, that  is,  those  living  further  back  on  the  Penobscot,  the  Kennebec  and 
the  lakes. 

The  antiquity  of  the  heaps  cannot  be  exactly  stated  at  present,  although 
Loomis  and  Young  offer  an  interesting  comment  upon  the  age  of  shell- 
heaps.*  Observations  made  at  New  York  City,  they  say,  show  the  rate  of 
subsidence  of  the  Atlantic  coast  at  that  point  to  be  about  half  a  meter  a 
century,  but  they  think  it  is  nearly  a  meter  per  century  in  Maine,  and  cite 
the  tide  mills,  which  were  in  common  use  in  early  times  and  cannot  be  main- 
tained at  the  present  time.  Taking  these  and  other  factors  into  considera- 
tion, they  conclude  that  the  heaps  had  been  not  less  than  three  hundred  to 
five  hundred  years  in  accumulating  before  the  advent  of  white  men,  now  near- 
ly three  centuries  ago.  The  writer  sees  no  valid  reason  for  supposing  that  a 
few  hundred  years  span  the  age  of  all  shell  heaps  in  Maine.  Several  of  our 
larger  clam-shell  deposits  may  date  back  a  thousand  years,  for  aught  we 
know  to  the  contrary. 

*Loc.  cit.  p.  22. 


FIG.  106.     Two  bone  handles,  three  broken  pipes  and  an  unknown  object  in  the  center.    S.  about  3- 


FIG.   107.     A  thin  stone  slab,  smooth  and  slightly  hollowed  out,  almost  mortar-shaped  but  rather  too 
small  for  food  grinding.    Possibly  a  stone  on  which  meat  was  cooked.    S.  1-3. 


PART  IV. 

INTERIOR  VILLAGE  SITES  AND  OTHER  REMAINS. 

Our  term  "interior  village  sites"  is  a  general  designation  used  to  cover 
all  sections  of  Maine  and  parts  of  the  coast-line  not  previously  described. 
We  shall  devote  considerable  space  to  this  subject,  since  aside  from  the  Kineo 
region,  the  investigators  in  the  Maine  field  have  confined  their  observations 
to  sites  near  the  ocean  and  to  only  a  few  of  those.  Our  surveys  spent  much 
more  time  on  long  trips  into  the  interior  than  we  did  upon  the  coast.  It  was 
thought  advisable  to  explore  the  unknown  regions  of  the  state  thoroughly, 
in  order  to  ascertain  the  extent  of  the  Red  Paint  People's  culture,  the  rela- 
tionship between  them  and  the  shell-heap  dwellers,  the  character  of  other 
sites,  and  if  possible  to  obtain  light  upon  a  score  of  lesser  problems  which 
need  not  be  set  down  on  this  page.*  In  fact,  aside  from  the  wrork  done  at 
Moosehead  by  McGuire  and  Willoughby,  at  Damariscotta  by  Putnam,  and 
at  Chesuncook  by  Marks  who  published  no  paper,  there  is  nothing  in  the 
records  to  indicate  that  other  observers  have  paid  attention  to  the  archae- 
ological remains  in  a  region  which  is  as  large  as  Connecticut  and  Massa- 
chusetts combined. 

We  shall  follow  our  field  notes,  with  certain  changes  and  not  in  chrono- 
logical order.  Beginning  with  south-western  Maine  and  working  northward 
and  eastward,  we  shall  treat  of  each  river  valley  or  region  as  a  whole,  regard- 
less of  the  year  in  which  it  was  examined  or  the  fact  that  two  or  three  sur- 
veys may  have  been  in  the  sector  at  various  times.  Western  and  south- 
western Maine  are  the  only  large  parts  of  the  state  in  which  we  did  little 
work.  This  should  be  noted  here,  for  in  future  years,  if  other  observers  ex- 
amine the  country  between  the  Androscoggin  and  the  New  Hampshire  line, 
they  will  probably  find  some  interesting  sites  not  here  noted  in  that  region  as 
well  as  in  the  Rangeley  and  Machias  regions  and  others  in  which  we  did  not 
attempt  thorough  explorations. 

The  writer  had  looked  over  the  Portland  district  before  beginning  our 
work,  and  found  some  shell  heaps  there,  but  as  they  appeared  like  those 

*  In  considering  village  sites  or  habitations  of  the  Red  Paint  People,  I  have  always  thought  that  Lake 
Alainoosook  might  properly  be  considered  the  center  of  their  culture,  since  there  are  three  cemet  ries  on 
the  shores  of  the  lake  beside  two  at  Orland  village  and  two  at  Bucksport,  making  a  total  of  seven  ceme- 
teries within  nine  kilometers  of  the  outlet  of  this  lake.  At  Alamoosook  and  on  lx>th  sides  of  the  outlet 
were  numerous  signs  of  Indian  camps,  such  as  broken  hutdict*.  < -hips,  spalls,  burnt  stone,  crude  plum- 
mets, etc.,  but  little  or  no  pottery,  to  my  knowledge,  has  been  discovered.  A  large  amount  of  trenching 
should  be  done  about  the  shores  of  the  outlet,  for  through  such  detailed  work  it  might  be  possible  to 
identify  a  settlement  of  the  Red  Paint  People. 


208 

further  up  the  coast,  he  accepted  the  descriptions  furnished  by  Hon.  James 
Phinney  Baxter,  President  of  the  Maine  Historical  Society.  The  col- 
lections of  the  Society  contain  some  material  from  these  sites,  and  it  was  not 
thought  necessary  for  us  to  carry  on  further  explorations  there.  When  we 
conduct  researches  in  the  rest  of  New  England,  we  may  ascertain  whether 
the  Maine  Red  Paint  culture  extended  into  New  Hampshire  and  adja- 
cent region. 

Mr.  James  C.  Sawyer,  Treasurer  of  Phillips  Academy,  on  several  oc- 
casions told  the  writer  of  this  report  about  Indian  sites  near  Durham  and 
Dover,  N.  H.  This  is  the  region  drained  by  the  Salmon  Falls  River  and  was 
famous  in  Colonial  times  because  of  many  attacks  by  Maine  Indians  on  the 
settlements  here.  In  1917  we  spent  two  or  three  weeks  in  the  Salmon  Falls 
country  and  also  along  the  coast  and  found  a  number  of  small  shell  heaps 
which  are  shown  on  our  map  of  York  County,  Maine.  This  map,  however, 
is  not  reproduced,  since  only  a  few  sites  were  discovered.  On  Oyster  River, 
not  far  from  Mr.  Sawyer's  residence  in  Durham,  New  Hampshire,  is  a  small 
shell  heap  composed  exclusively  of  oyster  shells.  This  had  been  so  much  dis- 
turbed by  previous  explorers  that  we  were  unable  to  find  more  than  a  few 
specimens.  They  do  not  differ  from  the  ordinary  shell-heap  forms. 

On  a  long  point  of  land  lying  east  of  Dover,  and  between  two  branches  of 
the  Salmon  Falls,  the  owner,  Mr.  Montgomery  Rollins  of  Boston,  had  found 
several  specimens.  We  ascertained  that  this  ridge  was  chiefly  composed  of 
pure  sand  and  we  put  down  many  test  pits  but  were  unable  to  find  a  ceme- 
tery. We  did  find  one  grave  in  the  edge  of  a  sand  pit  and  took  from  it  a  nar- 
row gouge,  two  other  gouges,  and  a  problematical  drilled  form  similar  to 
the  wide  tubes  common  in  New  York  State  and  Ohio.  There  was  a  faint  dis- 
coloration of  the  sand  where  these  objects  were  found,  but  no  deposit  of  red 
ocher.  The  specimens  are  reproduced  in  fig.  108.  The  grave  at  Rollins's 
place  may  or  may  not  be  of  Red  Paint  culture.  It  is  reasonable  to  suppose 
that  the  Red  Paint  natives  went  on  war  or  exploring  expeditions  west  of  the 
Kennebec,  and  this  may  give  an  explanation  of  the  single  burial. 

The  survey  spent  a  week  in  the  Ossipee  region  but  found  little  to  indi- 
cate any  permanent  Indian  occupation. 

At  The  Weirs,  the  outlet  of  Lake  W7innepesaukee,  Governor  Winthrop 
reported  a  considerable  Indian  population  at  the  time  of  his  visit,  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years  ago.  Lake  Winnepesaukee  was  an  extensive  spawning 
bed  for  shad,  salmon,  and  other  fish,  and  the  Indians  built  weirs  at  this  place 
and  trapped  large  numbers  of  fish  which  they  dried  for  winter  use.  Ten 
years  ago  it  was  possible  to  trace  where  these  weirs  had  been  located,  as 
some  of  the  stones  which  originally  were  spaced  apart  from  bank  to  bank 
still  remained  in  their  old  places  near  the  shore.  One  of  the  largest  Indian 
villages  in  New  England  was  located  at  The  Weirs  and  extended  for  more 
than  a  kilometer  above  and  below  the  outlet. 


o     « 


U    h- 


b-    _J 
O 


CL   O 


QE    Q 


Z  CQ    id 

y  ° 

CO     ^ 


o:  i^ 


FIG.  108.     Gouges  and  a  problematical  form  from  the  Rollins  site,  N.  H.  S.  1-2 


210  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

I  had  visited  The  Weirs  years  ago  and  ascertained  that  many  speci- 
mens had  been  taken  from  this  place  by  private  collectors  and  agents  of 
museums.  In  1917  we  found  a  large  camp  site  extending  on  both  sides  of  the 
outlet  and  down  the  stream  for  some  distance,  but  as  the  whole  place  is  now 
occupied  by  summer  cottages  it  was  difficult  to  secure  permission  for  proper 
observations.  The  Boston  &  Maine  Railroad,  however,  owns  a  considerable 
part  of  the  site  and  the  officials  kindly  permitted  explorations.  Some  two 
hundred  scrapers,  projectile  points,  and  pottery  fragments  were  secured 
during  the  test-pit  operations  on  their  land.  Later  we  should  examine  the 
Winnepesaukee  region  more  thoroughly. 

The  Saco  valley  also  was  scouted  by  two  or  three  of  our  men  but  they 
found  little,  and  we  offer  no  observations  other  than  that  there  are  probably 
small  villages  on  the  Saco.  More  work  should  be  done  about  the  entire 
Saco  valley,  which  is  practically  unknown. 

THE  SEBAGO  REGION 

In  April  and  May,  1913,  Mr.  Sugden  spent  over  five  weeks  about  Lake 
Sebago  in  company  with  Mr.  W.  Scott  Rolfe  of  Casco,  looking  for  sites  and 
studying  the  region.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  large  map  he  drew  cannot 
be  inserted  here  in  full.  Plan  XIII,  however,  presents  that  part  of  Sebago 
and  adjacent  territory  in  which  he  found  a  number  of  sites.  A  large  col- 
lection of  Indian  relics  was  made  many  years  ago  by  Mr.  Rolfe,  and  another 
by  Mr.  E.  A.  Kennard  of  North  Windham,  who  lives  at  the  outlet  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  lake.  The  latter  has  some  six  hundred  specimens,  all  of 
which  were  found  about  Sebago.  With  few  exceptions  these  appear  to  be 
the  ordinary  Algonkian  forms  common  in  New  Hampshire  and  southwest- 
ern Maine.  Neither  Mr.  Rolfe  nor  Mr.  Kennard  know  of  any  cemetery,  al- 
though one  or  two  graves  have  been  discovered.  Most  of  the  specimens 
have  been  found  along  sand  beaches  and  about  the  outlet  or  on  the  sites  in- 
dicated by  the  letters  B,  D,  E,  H,  L'of  the  map.  A  few  are  apparently 
Red  Paint  People  types,  such  as  portions  of  the  long  slate  spears.  Mr. 
Marks  secured  from  Mr.  Rolfe  many  years  ago  the  polished  slate  knife 
shown  in  Fig.  109.  This  was  drawn  for  our  report  by  Mr.  Willoughby's 
secretary,  Miss  Gleason,  and  is  reproduced  in  full  size.  Few  more  carefully 
wrought  specimens  of  Indian  handiwork  have  occurred  in  the  New  England 
area.  This  and  other  unusual  objects  were  found  by  Mr.  Rolfe  many  years 
ago  at  Panther  Pond  on  a  sand  ridge  which  might  have  been  a  cemetery.  It 
is  probably  under  water  at  the  present  time,  since  the  level  of  Sebago  Lake 
and  its  tributaries  has  been  considerably  raised  by  a  new  dam.  There  are 
many  other  objects  from  the  Sebago  region  in  the  Maine  Historical  Society 
collection  at  Portland  and  numbers  have  been  taken  away  by  visitors  and 
collectors. 

Taking  into  account  the  camp  sites  found  by  Mr.  Sugden  and  the  great 


•I 


i 


. 


Is 


212  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

number  of  "Indian  cellars",  or  cache  pits  found  in  the  region,  we  may  infer 
that  this  was  a  favorite  resort,  or  rather  the  site  of  a  large  village.  From 
Sebago  one  could  travel  to  the  coast  in  a  day  and  the  hunting  here  in  early 
times  was  excellent.  The  cache  pits  vary  from  one  or  two  meters  to  at  least 
three  meters  in  diameter.  In  the  pits  is  the  usual  charcoal  and  ashes  and 
black  earth,  probably  resulting  from  decayed  corn  and  other  foods. 

Letter  G  shows  a  peculiar  narrow  embankment  on  the  east  side  of  the 
outlet,  which  stands  nearly  a  meter  high,  on  a  level  sandy  stretch,  a  short 
distance  from  the  lake.  Mr.  Sugden  investigated  this  and  found  that  it  ex- 
tended for  about  five  hundred  meters.  Along  the  steep  side,  where  the 
ground  slopes  down  to  the  bed  of  the  gully,  is  what  appears  to  be  a  well- 
worn  path,  which  is  still  used  by  trampers.  The  river  bed  is  rocky  here  and 
in  former  times  there  probably  were  rapids.  The  path-like  feature  may  have 
been  a  carrying  place  around  those  rapids.  It  looks  like  Indian  work,  al- 
though nothing  else  just  like  it  is  known  in  Maine.  Mr.  Sugden  interviewed 
the  owner  of  the  property,  who  stated  that  old  residents  always  claimed  the 
embankment  to  be  of  Indian  origin.  There  are  fire  pits  just  back  of  it,  and 
the  proprietor  says  that  the  land  has  never  been  ploughed. 

Mr.  Kennard  said  that  many  years  ago  before  the  new  dam  was  built 
several  slate  spears  were  found  at  the  edge  of  the  lake.  These  lay  with  the 
points  in  one  direction.  Mr.  Sugden  saw  one  of  them  in  the  possession  of  a 
local  collector  living  at  Raymond  village  and  states  that  it  is  of  the  same 
form  as  the  well-known  Red  Paint  type.  These,  with  the  interesting  knife 
from  Panther  Pond  and  some  long,  narrow  gouges  and  a  few  hatchet  blades, 
would  indicate  that  the  Red  Paint  People  may  have  got  as  far  west  as  Se- 
bago, but  since  Mr.  Sugden's  careful  researches  during  the  period  of  over  a 
month  resulted  in  finding  no  cemetery,  we  did  not  deem  it  advisable  to  con- 
tinue further  work.  It  is  suggested  that  some  other  observer  in  the  future  re- 
visit the  Sebago  region  and  spend  more  time  there. 

THE  ANDROSCOGGIN  REGION 

Next  to  the  Sebago  region  lies  the  great  Androscoggin  valley.  When 
the  Connecticut  River  survey  was  run  in  1919,  several  of  us  visited  the  Me- 
gallaway  and  Diamond  waters,  which  are  the  upper  reaches  of  the  Andros- 
coggin, but  did  not  find  any  Indian  sites.  In  July,  1920,  some  of  our  party 
made  the  trip  down  the  main  river  from  Berlin  Mills  in  New  Hampshire 
as  far  as  Auburn,  and  found  some  remains. 

Along  the  upper  Androscoggin  are  several  small  village  sites,  usually 
placed  near  the  mouths  of  streams  tributary  to  the  main  river.  Not  far 
from  Bethel  is  a  rock  shelter  in  which  occur  ashes,  charcoal  and  other  signs 
of  Indian  occupation.  At  Mechanic  Falls  on  the  Little  Androscoggin  many 
stone  implements  have  been  found,  but  as  the  modern  village  covers  the 
Indian  site,  excavations  cannot  be  satisfactorily  carried  on.  Lake  Auburn 


THE    KENNEBEC    VALLEY  213 

was  once  inhabited  by  numbers  of  Indians,  and  chips  and  burnt  stones  are 
still  numerous  on  the  beaches.  On  Androscoggin  Pond,  near  Wayne,  are 
many  signs  of  small  villages  or  camps,  and  several  slender  gouges  and  two 
long  pendants  have  been  found  there  but  we  could  not  discover  a  cemetery. 

All  that  we  were  able  to  ascertain  by  field  operations  and  study  of  the 
collections  was  that  the  larger  communities  lay  about  Auburn  and  on  Merry- 
meeting  Bay,  at  tide-water.  The  region  of  the  Rangeley  Lakes,  which  feed 
the  Androscoggin,  has  not  been  explored;  there  may  be  Indian  sites  there, 
but  it  seems  rather  too  far  north  for  villages  of  any  size. 

Several  large  collections  have  been  made  in  the  Auburn  district,  Mr. 
Penny's  in  the  Maine  Historical  Society's  cases  at  Portland  being  one  of 
the  most  extensive.  The  proportion  of  rough  and  crude  material  is  unu- 
sually high.  There  are  numbers  of  very  rude  celts  and  axes  which  are  ap- 
parently finished  objects  but  are  so  poorly  manufactured  that  they  seem 
useless  as  tools.  These  seem  characteristic  of  the  Androscoggin  area. 

THE  KENNEBEC  VALLEY 

At  the  main  or  eastern  outlet  of  Moosehead  Lake  there  is  a  large  dam 
and  timber  operations  have  been  extensively  carried  on  there  for  more  than 
fifty  years;  hence  there  is  little  Indian  "sign"  remaining  about  the  outlet. 
For  some  kilometers  down  the  Kennebec  from  this  point  the  stream  is  filled 
with  boulders  and  ledges,  making  rapids  and  falls,  and  the  Indians  must 
have  carried  their  canoes  some  distance  from  the  lake  before  embarking 
again.  We  find  traces  of  small  camps  here  and  there  but  there  is  no  evidence 
of  any  large  village  until  the  mouth  of  the  Spencer  River  is  reached,  where 
there  appears  to  have  been  an  encampment  near  the  junction.  Along  the 
main  stream  to  the  mouth  of  Sandy  River  there  are  a  few  sites,  and  careful 
search  of  the  knolls  back  of  such  spots  might  reveal  an  occasional  cemetery. 
At  Farmington,  some  distance  up  the  Sandy,  is  another  encampment.  The 
map  of  Somerset  County  showing  these  sites  is  not  reproduced  in  this  re- 
port but  is  on  file,  like  all  other  maps  compiled  by  the  expeditions. 

The  first  really  large  Indian  site  as  one  descends  the  Kennebec  is  that  at 
Norridgewock.  Here  Father  Rasles  had  his  mission,  and  from  this  Indian 
town  raids  against  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  were  organized.  The 
village  was  destroyed  by  the  colonists  in  1724  and  the  heroic  priest  killed 
while  defending  his  wards.  That  Norridgewock  was  the  site  of  a  still  older 
town  and  probably  inhabited  by  Algonkins  in  prehistoric  times,  seems  quite 
evident.  The  burial  grounds  have  been  completely  ransacked,  and  when  our 
survey  visited  the  spot  in  1920  we  found  that  someone  had  preceded  us  and 
that  numerous  pits  had  been  dug  for  some  distance  up  and  down  the  river. 

In  the  Waterville  sector,  in  addition  to  the  Red  Paint  People  cemeteries 
already  described,*  there  are  numerous  indications  of  Indian  villages.  The 

*See  p.  95. 


214  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

Sebasticook  valley  from  Moose  pond  to  Waterville  was  carefully  examined 
and  a  number  of  camp  sites  located.  Considerable  pottery  has  been  taken 
from  the  river  bank  a  kilometer  above  Lancaster's  farm.  Two  burials  were 
discovered  in  Winslow  upon  the  ridge  back  of  Lancaster's  saw  mill,  one  of 
which  was  opened  by  us  and  the  other  by  Mr.  Lancaster.  Both  skeletons 
were  flexed ;  one  had  a  necklace  of  small  beads  about  the  neck,  but  the  beads 
were  few  in  number  and  of  the  ordinary  shell-wampum  type.  No  other  bur- 
ials could  be  found  along  the  river  by  our  parties,  although  we  are  convinced 
that  there  are  more.  A  number  of  wigwams  once  occupied  the  low  meadow 
flanking  the  river  below  Mr.  Lancaster's  house  and  many  rejects  and  chips, 
together  with  knives  and  one  or  two  stone  cutting  tools,  were  secured  by  us. 

China  Pond,  some  eight  kilometers  south  east  from  Waterville,  has  low 
and  sandy  shores  about  the  outlet.  A  considerable  village  was  once  situated 
here  and  local  collectors  have  many  specimens  of  the  common  Algonkian 
types.  We  dug  in  various  places  and  found  some  large  ash  pits  on  the  east 
side  of  the  outlet  on  the  Gates  estate,  with  the  usual  bones,  chips,  etc. 
in  the  ash  pits.  We  cruised  the  shores  of  China  Pond  but  did  not  dis- 
cover a  cemetery.  The  place  should  be  more  carefully  examined  at  some 
future  time. 

The  entire  region  lying  about  Waterville  is  interesting,  and  it  has  been 
suggested  that  when  the  State  of  Maine  archaeological  survey  begins  opera- 
tions, it  concentrate  on  this  sector  lying  between  Norridgewock  and  Au- 
gusta. A  very  large  site  occurs  at  Riverside  in  Vassalboro,  near  the  mouth 
of  Webber  stream,  which  drains  Webber  Pond.  About  this  pond  many  ob- 
jects have  been  found  and  there  are  several  collections  in  the  possession  of 
cottage  owners.  Dr.  W.  S.  Hill  of  Augusta,  who  accompanied  us  on  two  or 
three  trips,  has  in  his  large  collection  many  objects  from  Webber  Pond  and 
the  Riverside  site.  The  Indian  village  at  Riverside  lies  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Kennebec,  about  twelve  meters  above  the  water,  and  must  have  ex- 
tended for  nearly  a  kilometer  north  and  south.  There  is  a  large  sand  ridge 
at  the  north  end  where  it  is  said  a  cemetery  existed  in  early  times  and  local 
people  took  many  skeletons  from  it.  We  camped  at  Riverside  for  a  week  and 
put  down  hundreds  of  test  pits,  finding  many  fragmentary  bones  but  no 
skeletons  and  few  artifacts.  The  place  seems  to  have  been  thoroughly  ran- 
sacked by  collectors  from  Waterville.  There  are  large  ash  pits  in  the  triangle 
between  Webber  stream,  the  railroad  track,  and  the  high  bluff  above.  A 
force  of  six  or  eight  men  would  be  able  to  trench  this  area  for  two  or  three 
hundred  meters,  and  examine  the  ash  pits  carefully,  and  thus  the  arts  of  the 
villagers  could  be  reconstructed.  Some  one  has  stated  that  the  Jesuits  had  a 
small  mission  on  a  high  knoll  near  the  residence  of  Mr.  Sturgis,  the  present, 
owner  of  the  land. 


PLAN  m 


OUTLINE     MAP 

O   F 

KENNE8EC      COUNTY 
MAINE 

DRAWN      BY 
£.05  U  d  0  t  N 


MOOSEHEADLAKE  215 

MOOSEHEAD  LAKE 

In  July,  1912,  we  visited  this  large  and  beautiful  body  of  water  and  by 
means  of  motor  boats  examined  about  fifty  places  around  the  shores  and  ex- 
cavated at  twenty -one  different  points.  It  would  have  been  impossible  to 
thoroughly  explore  so  extensive  a  shore  line  in  less  than  one  full  season,  as 
it  is  stated  that  the  circumference  of  the  lake  including  all  irregularities  of 
shore  line,  is  more  than  five  hundred  kilometers.  The  water  at  that  time 
was  unusually  high.  The  dam  at  the  outlet  has  raised  the  water  three  meters 
or  more,  so  that  all  the  low  lands  and  favorite  camping  places  of  the  aborigi- 
nes, either  ancient  or  modern,  are  covered,  and  only  those  sites  lying  back 
from  the  lake  or  on  knolls,  are  available  for  study.  October  and  November, 
at  low  water  stage,  are  the  best  months  to  visit  Moosehead. 

We  do  not  present  a  detailed  map  of  the  Moosehead  region  for  the  reason 
that  our  observations  were  not  complete.  From  indications  it  is  clear  that 
there  are  a  number  of  camp  sites,  rather  than  village  sites,  about  the  lake; 
one  is  at  Spencer's  narrows,  another  at  Stevens'  sporting  camp,  and  there  was 
a  large  village  on  the  shore  across  from  Mt.  Kineo  which  has  been  described 
by  Mr.  McGuire  in  the  passage  cited  below.  Probably  implements  would  be 
found  near  the  mouth  of  Roach  River,  and  on  the  shores  of  Lily  Bay  and  on 
the  mainland  opposite  the  lower  end  of  Sugar  Island. 

On  the  western  shore  of  Deer  Island,  at  a  point  called  "the  Narrows," 
we  found  great  quantities  of  the  Kineo  stone  and  a  number  of  spear  points, 
arrow  heads  and  knives.  Many  of  these  were  discovered  in  the  edge  of  the 
lake  in  twenty  centimeters  or  more  of  water. 

Where  the  Mount  Kineo  hotel  is  located  there  was  a  small  prehistoric 
cemetery  of  the  Red  Paint  People.  Most  of  the  graves  were  destroyed  when 
tennis  courts  were  constructed  some  years  ago.  The  contents  of  several  were 
on  exhibition  for  some  years  in  the  lobby  of  the  hotel;  a  number  were  carried 
to  Boston  and  a  few  are  in  the  Peabody  Museum. 

Our  entire  party  spent  some  time  inspecting  the  large  talus  around  the 
base  of  Mt.  Kineo.  We  dug  several  deep  pits  in  the  accumulated  debris  and 
found  a  number  of  turtlebacks,  chips,  flakes  and  spalls,  but  as  McGuire  and 
Willoughby  had  both  investigated  the  Moosehead  region  in  previous  years 
and  published  the  results  of  their  studies*  and  as  our  observations  led  us  to 
agree  with  the  conclusions  of  both,  we  followed  our  custom  not  to  carry  on 
further  researches  where  good  work  has  already  been  accomplished,  and  the 
Survey  moved  elsewhere. 

A  portion  of  McGuire's  excellent  paper  is  here  inserted.** 

"Mt.  Kineo  rises  1700  feet  above  tide,  and  1000  feet  above  the 

lake.    The  whole  mass  appears  to  be  composed  of  a  felsitic  rhyolite, 

*C.  C.  Willoughhy,  American  Naturalist,  Mar.  1901,  opp.  213-216.    8  pis.  J.  U.  Mc-Guire.     Amer- 
iran  Anthropologist,  n.s.  X,  1908,  pp.  549-557. 
**Loc.  cit.  p.  551  ff. 


216  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

erratic  bowlders  of  which  are  widely  distributed  throughout  Maine, 
New  Brunswick,  and  even  beyond.  The  name  Kineo  signifies  '  great 
eagle'  in  the  Abnaki  language,  probably  from  some  fancied  resem- 
blance of  the  mountain  itself,  or  of  some  part  of  it,  to  the  bald 
eagle.  On  the  southern  side  the  mountain  is  about  a  mile  in 
length,  and  has  a  talus  from  two  hundred  to  three  hundred  feet  in 
width,  the  slope  of  which  is  composed  of  small  fragments  intermixed 
with  larger  masses  of  the  rock  that  have  fallen  from  above.  On  the 
precipitous  southern  side  of  the  mountain  are  seen  numerous  bald 
patches  of  the  rhyolite  in  places  where  the  cliff  is  too  precipitous 
to  support  vegetation  or  where  the  frost  has  loosened  the  stone. 

"A  visit  extending  over  two  months  during  last  spring  and  sum- 
mer [1908]  at  the  eastern  outlet,  offered  unusual  opportunities  for 
archaeological  investigation  of  local  conditions,  owing  to  an  excep- 
tional period  of  drought. 

"During  the  latter  part  of  May  and  in  early  June  the  water  of 
the  lake  was  at  an  unusually  high  stage,  no  beach  being  anywhere 
visible;  in  August  and  September,  however,  owing  to  the  lack  of 
rain,  the  depth  of  water  was  lowered  as  much  as  an  inch  a  day. 
Due  to  the  very  gradual  shelving  of  the  bed  of  the  lake,  a  rocky 
beach  developed  and  finally  attained  an  average  width  of  a  hun- 
dred feet  or  more.  On  the  beach  and  in  the  immediately  adjacent 
water  numerous  aboriginal  implements  in  various  stages  of  devel- 
opment were  found.  Of  four  hundred  specimens  picked  up,  all  but 
four  are  of  rhyolite;  associated  with  these  were  numerous  fractured 
pieces,  as  well  as  bowlders,  many  of  which  latter  had  been  purpose- 
ly broken  in  order  to  test  their  suitability  for  producing  spalls  for 
subsequent  flaking  into  implements.  The  rhyolite  bowlders  are 
generally  of  small  size  when  compared  with  the  bowlders  of  pri- 
mary rocks,  which  occur  in  infinitely  greater  numbers,  the  former 
weighing  tens  and  the  latter  hundreds  of  pounds. 

"The  color  of  the  rhyolite  in  the  bed-rock  is  dark  green,  but 
along  the  shores  of  the  lake  and  in  the  Kennebec  river  it  has 
weathered  until  it  is  almost  white.  In  a  number  of  cases  imple- 
ments taken  from  the  water  were  light  yellow  on  their  upper  surface 
whereas  the  under-side  was  light  gray  or  green,  as  though  they  had 
lain  unmoved  for  centuries.  The  number  of  rhyolite  bowlders 
lying  along  the  beach  would  indicate  that  erratic  blocks  have  been 
mpre  extensively  employed  for  implement-making  than  has  been 
supposed. 

"The  specimen-yielding  area  is  limited  to  a  few  hundred  yards 
along  the  lake  shore,  beginning  a  hundred  yards  from  the  dam 
on  both  sides  of  the  outlet;  and  to  less  than  fifty  yards  of  the 


FIG.  110.     The  Felsite  Cliff,  at  Mount  Kineo,  Moosehead  Lake. 


218  MAINE   ARCHAEOLOGY 

beach  at  Squaw  point,  a  mile  from  the  outlet.  The  uniformity  in 
material  and  workmanship  being  similar,  the  collection  is  treated 
as  homogeneous. 

"On  the  beach  southeast  of  the  Outlet  Hotel,  and  two  hundred 
yards  from  the  point  where  most  of  the  implements  were  found  on 
that  side  of  the  lake,  and  away  from  other  pieces  of  the  rhyolite,  a 
cache  of  twenty-nine  pieces  was  unearthed,  the  specimens  ranging 
in  color  from  almost  white  to  a  dark  gray.  The  lighter  color  being 
uppermost,  it  appears  likely  that  the  weathering  is  due  to  light 
rather  than  to  chemical  action  of  the  water. 

"Practically  all  these  specimens  exhibit  more  or  less  artificial 
work.    The  largest  one  in  the  cache  measures  about  seven  inches 
in  extreme  length.    The  cache  was  situated  within  a  natural  circle 
of  bowlders,  and  could  have  been  found  readily  by  the  owner,  who 
had  piled  the  implements  so  neatly  one  upon  another." 
McGuire  describes  his  artifacts  and  rejects  in  detail.    They  are  of  the 
usual  quarry  forms,  ranging  from  turtle-backs  to  completed  blades  and  fin- 
ished spear  and  arrow  points.    He  found  quartz  broken  in  angular  frag- 
ments upon  the  beaches,  but  it  was  of  a  texture  not  suited  to  the  manu- 
facture of  implements. 

Having  described  the  quarry  and  shop-site  material,  he  turns  his  at- 
tention to  the  use  of  fetishes  among  the  Maine  Indians,  and  illustrates  a 
natural  concretion  which  has  been  artificially  worked  at  the  top.  We  found 
several  similar  stones  at  various  places  in  Maine,  larger  than  the  one  fig- 
ured by  Mr.  McGuire.  From  their  appearance,  or  the  circumstances  un- 
der which  they  were  discovered,  we  conclude  that  such  stones  were  of  value 
to  the  Indians.  Two  or  three  in  our  museum  are  sufficiently  large  to  be 
considered  idols  or  manitous.  One  in  particular  is  47  cm.  in  height,  35  cm. 
wide  at  the  base  and  15  cm.  by  18  cm.  at  the  top,  and  weighs  about  sixty 
pounds.  It  was  found  on  the  Passadumkeag  village  site  at  the  mouth  of 
Passadumkeag  stream.  McGuire  says  of  these  stones:* 

"Such  fetishes  were  sometimes  painted  to  strengthen  some 
fancied  resemblance  to  the  owner's  tutelary,  or  were  otherwise 
marked  by  adding  a  mouth,  an  eye,  or  other  feature.  Schoolcraft 
describes  certain  '  image  stones'  which  '  the  native  tribes  who  occu- 
py the  borders  of  the  great  lakes  are  very  ingenious  in  converting 
to  the  uses  of  superstition,  such  masses  of  loose  rock  or  bowlder 
stones  as  have  been  fretted  by  the  action  of  water  into  shapes  re- 
sembling trunks  of  human  bodies,  or  other  organic  forms.  There 
appears  to  have  been  at  all  times  a  ready  disposition  to  turn  such 
masses  of  rude  natural  sculpture,  so  to  call  them,  to  an  idolatrous 
use.'  Of  these  figures  Schoolcraft  illustrates  five  specimens.1 

*Loc.  cit.  p.  556.  "1.     The  Indian  in  his  Wigwam,  p.  290,  1848  " 


THE   PENOBSCOT   WATERS  219 

"Lalemant,  referring  to  Dreuillette's  conversion  of  the  Abnaki 
»  on  the  Kennebec,  in  the  Jesuit  Relation  of  1647,  says  that  one  of  the 
evidences  that  the  Father  obtained  was  that' the  Indians  'should 
throw  away  their  rnanitou,  or  demons,  or  fantastic  charms.  There 
are  few  young  men  among  the  savages,'  he  says,  'who  have  not 
some  stone,  or  other  thing  which  they  keep  as  a  dependence  upon 
the  Demon,  in  order  to  be  happy  in  the  hunt,  or  in  play,  or  in 
war.  .  .  .  Those  who  had  some  of  these  charms,  or  manitous, 
drew  them  from  their  pouches;  some  cast  them  away,  others  brought 
them  to  the  Father.2 

THE  PENOBSCOT  WATERS 

Omitting  the  mouth  of  the  Penobscot,  about  which  are  small  shell  heaps 
and  occasional  village  sites,  and  ascending  the  river  to  within  eight  kilo- 
meters of  Bucksport,  there  is  an  Indian  site  of  some  size  on  the  west  bank  of 
the  river  at  a  place  known  as  Sandy  Point.  In  August,  1914,  the  survey 
went  down  there  from  Bucksport  and  spent  about  a  week  in  excavating  along 
a  sloping  sand  ridge.  Eleven  skeletons  were  discovered  within  a  space  ten 
meters  in  extent,  but  all  were  very  much  broken  and  decayed.  They  lay 
not  more  than  thirty-five  or  forty  centimeters  below  the  surface.  These 
were  exceedingly  interesting  burials  in  that  they  seemed  to  mark  contact 
between  Indians  of  the  stone  age  and  Europeans.  There  were  great  quan- 
tities of  ordinary  shell  wampum  strewn  over  four  of  the  bodies.  The  exact 
number  of  pieces  has  not  been  determined,  but  as  there  were  several  quarts 
and  the  beads  are  small,  it  may  be  assumed  that  there  were  originally  be- 
tween 20,000  and  25,000  of  these  beads.  From  the  position  of  some  of  them 
we  conclude  that  they  were  strung  on  thongs  and  worn  as  necklaces  and  that 
others  were  used  in  fringing  deerskin  jackets  or  were  woven  on  belts.  A 
few  large  shell  beads  were  found  with  the  smallest  skeleton,  that  of  a  child. 
With  one  skeleton  were  two  rude  flint  knives  and  a  large,  rough,  iron  axe 
weighing  at  least  seven  pounds.  It  seems  too  heavy  to  have  seen  service  as  a 
tomahawk  and  was  probably  a  camp  axe.  Large  iron  kettles  were  placed 
over  the  heads  of  two  of  the  burials  and  these  have  decayed  except  the  han- 
dles and  portions  of  the  thicker  upper  parts.  There  were  many  cylinders  of 
brass  but  no  native  copper.  Two  of  the  bodies  had  been  wrapped  in  beaver 
and  moose  hides  and  there  were  traces  of  bear  skin.  Where  the  hair  came 
in  contact  with  the  brass  enough  of  it  was  preserved  to  permit  identifica- 
tion. It  is  to  be  regretted  that  there  are  no  photographs  of  these  interest- 
ing burials.  Our  field  camera  was  in  Bucksport  being  repaired  at  the  time. 
There  was  a  summer  school  near  Sandy  Point  and  many  persons  gathered  to 
witness  the  survey  at  work,  including  a  teacher  who  claimed  to  be  an  ex- 

"2.     Jesuit  Relations  and  Allied  Documents,  vol.  XXXI,  pp.  183-195." 


MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

pert  with  the  camera  and  took  numerous  photographs  for  us,  but  either 
his  camera  was  defective  or  he  was  not  familiar  with  photography,  for  we 
were  unable  to  secure  any  pictures  from  him.  This  is  mentioned  as  one  of 
the  few  instances  in  which  it  was  impossible  to  secure  good  photographs  of 
our  explorations. 

As  one  ascends  the  river  further  Verona  island,  several  kilometers  in 
length,  is  passed.  On  the  east  side  of  this  island  the  channel  is  narrow  and 
the  stream  which  drains  Alamoosook  Lake  enters  opposite  the  head  of  the 
island.  As  has  been  stated  on  page  21,  the  village  of  Orland  is  located  at 
the  head  of  tide  water  on  this  stream,  called  the  Orland  or  Narramissic 
river,  and  the  spot  was  a  favorite  resort  of  the  Indians,  who  had  a  consider- 
able village  there  at  one  time.  Passing  on  up  the  river  toward  Bangor,  one 
finds  few  sites  until  Bangor  itself  is  reached.  From  all  accounts,  Bangor  was 
probably  the  Norumbega  of  the  early  voyagers.  The  city,  covering  as  it 
does  a  considerable  space,  has  obliterated  all  Indian  traces  except  above  the 
first  dam  on  the  Penobscot,  where  exists  the  famous  Bangor  Pool.  This  is 
head  of  tide  water  and  has  been  a  famous  fishing-place  for  salmon  from  ear- 
liest times.  When  planting  gardens  in  Bangor  itself,  many  objects  have  been 
picked  up  by  land-owners.  From  the  pool  up  to  the  Penobscot  Indian  vil- 
lage at  Oldtown,  there  are  a  number  of  sites,  one  of  which  belonging  partly 
to  the  Red  Paint  culture  has  been  described  by  Mr.  Smith  on  pages  137  to 
146  above. 

The  Indian  Island  at  Oldtown,  on  which  is  the  village  of  the  modern 
Penobscots,  is  a  large  tract  of  land.  Numerous  stone  implements  have  been 
found  there,  among  them  Red  'Paint  People  types,  and  many  of  the  In- 
dians have  specimens  which  they  have  found  in  their  gardens  and  fields,  but 
for  some  reason  they  will  permit  no  explorations,  although  repeated  at- 
tempts have  been  made  on  the  part  of  explorers  to  secure  permission.  The 
writer  of  this  report  interviewed  the  leading  men  of  the  tribe  and  explained 
the  nature  of  our  work,  but  was  unable  to  move  them  from  their  former 
decision.  These  Penobscots  are  very  tenacious  of  their  tribal  rights  and 
permit  no  white  men  to  remain  on  Indian  Island  over  night. 

Further  up  the  river  there  are  other  sites,  one  of  some  size  being  located 
on  the  west  bank  at  the  mouth  of  a  stream  about  two  kilometers  below  Passa- 
dumkeag.  Much  pottery  occurs  here. 

OLAMON  STREAM 

Some  interesting  information  about  the  meaning  of  Indian  place-names 
is  contained  in  a  letter  written  to  the  Rev.  J.  Morse  on  Nov.  28,  1823,  by 
Mr.  Moses  Greenleaf,  who  was  familiar  with  the  Penobscot  Indians.  This 
letter,  with  the  title  "Indian  Place  Names  of  the  Penobscot  and  St.  John 
Rivers,"  originally  appeared  in  the  first  "Report  of  the  American  Society 
for  Promoting  Civilization  and  General  Improvement  of  the  Indian  Tribes 


OLAMON    STREAM  221 

of  the  United  States"  (New  Haven,  1824),  and  has  been  re-printed  by  Mr. 
Edgar  Crosby  Smith  in  his  "Moses  Greenleaf,  Maine's  First  Map-Maker" 
(Bangor,  1902,  pp.  120-125). 

In  our  journey  up  the  Penobscot  we  paid  particular  attention  to  islands, 
mouths  of  streams,  and  other  features  mentioned  by  Mr.  Greenleaf.  For 
instance:  Bos-que-noo-sik  Island,  "Burying  ground  for  Mohawks";  Ta-la- 
la-go-dis-sik  (Webster's  Island),  "Painting  place  for  squaws";  Bos-que-nu- 
guk  (Broken  Island),  "Burying  Ground";  and  lastly  Olam'man  (Olamon) 
stream,  "Place  where  paint  is  found."  However,  although  we  carried  a  crew 
of  ten  men,  we  were  unable  to  find  any  traces  of  burials,  either  Algonkian  or 
Mohawk,  on  the  islands;  but  we  were  especially  interested  in  Olamon  Stream 
because  we  hoped  to  find  there  the  source  of  the  red  paint  or  powdered  hem- 
atite. A  thorough  search  of  the  region  was  made,  especially  near  a  point 
some  distance  back  from  the  main  river,  where  falls  occur.  There  is  a  ledge 
here  in  which  are  numerous  depressions.  The  older  residents  of  Olamon 
claim  that  in  the  early  days  a  good  deal  of  red  paint  was  dug  up  along  the 
ledge  and  taken  away.  Indeed  we  were  told  that  a  house  and  a  boat  had 
been  painted  with  it.  The  Indians  also  may  have  carried  off  great  quanti- 
ties of  it  in  historic  times. 

We  carried  on  excavations  here  for  several  days  and  in  places  found 
areas  two  to  four  meters  in  diameter  where  the  soil  was  quite  red.  Mr. 
Ralph  Lord,  one  of  my  men  who  is  experienced  in  timber  work  and  wood- 
craft, is  of  the  opinion  that  discoloration  of  the  soil  results  from  the  burn- 
ing of  very  heavy  white  pine.  In  this  particular  place  the  virgin  forest  was 
composed  of  large  white  pine  and  the  roots  in  burning  would  discolor  the 
earth.  Other  tree  roots  do  not  have  this  peculiarity  to  the  same  extent  as 
those  of  white  pine,  Mr.  Lord  contends.  At  first  Mr.  Smith  and  I  were  also 
of  this  opinion,  but  after  considering  the  matter  and  finding  that  the  red 
earth  does  not  extend  in  narrow  strips  or  downwards  but  is  continuous,  we 
thought  it  might  be  due  to  the  presence  of  soft  hematite.  However,  we 
found  no  earth  that  was  bright  enough  to  compare  with  the  Katahdin  paint 
or  ocher. 

This  illustrates  how  frequently  popular  traditions  either  are  not  re- 
liable or  relate  to  what  has  long  since  disappeared. 

PASSADUMKEAG 

Passadumkeag  was  a  large  Indian  site  in  the  historic  period  and  is  fre- 
quently mentioned  by  Francis  Parkman  and  other  writers.  The  colonial 
records  also  refer  to  expeditions  from  both  Passadumkeag  and  Mattawam- 
keag  organized  by  Indians  and  French  against  the  white  settlements  of  the 
Massachusetts  Bay  Colony.  Several  of  the  citizens  of  this  modern  village 
have  specimens  found  on  the  flat  where  the  town  is  now  located.  Two  or 
three  of  our  expeditions  stopped  at  Passadumkeag  at  various  times  when  as- 


222  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

cending  or  descending  the  river.  In  addition  to  the  Red  Paint  cemeteries 
already  described,*  we  found  indications  of  a  large  Indian  village  site  at  the 
mouth  of  Passadumkeag  stream.  During  the  work  of  the  first  expedition,  in 
1912,  a  large  fire  pit  about  1.3  m.  in  diameter  was  discovered  on  the  land  of 
Mr.  Leonard  on  top  of  a  large  bare  knoll  which  commands  a  good  view  of  the 
river.  It  contained  charcoal  and  ashes,  one  layer  of  charcoal  being  over  5 
cm.  in  thickness,  and  in  the  bottom  of  the  pit  the  charcoal  was  11  cm.  thick. 
The  base  of  the  excavation  of  the  fire  pit  was  somewhat  less  than  a  meter 
below  the  surface  of  the  knoll,  and  nearly  a  meter  below  the  ash  pit  were 
fragments  of  a  human  skull.  We  have  never"  in  any  other  of  our  explora- 
tions found  a  burial  so  far  below  the  surface.  No  other  large  fragments  of 
bones  were  found  but  there  were  traces  of  decayed  fragments.  The  only 
objects  accompanying  the  burial  were  a  small  arrow  point  and  a  little  ocher 
rather  dull  brown  in  color.  Twenty-one  pits  were  sunk  in  this  knoll  but  no 
more  burials  or  objects  were  discovered.  Ashes  and  charcoal  occurred  fre- 
quently 20  to  40  cm.  below  the  surface,  as  if  the  knoll  had  been  greatly  dis- 
turbed at  some  time. 

THE  PISCATAQUIS 

At  Howland,  eight  kilometers  above  Passadumkeag,  the  Piscataquis 
river  comes  into  the  Penobscot  from  the  west  and  there  is  a  large  Indian  site 
at  the  junction  of  these  streams.  Many  objects  are  picked  up  there  each 
year  but  our  party  was  unable  to  discover  a  burial  ground. 

The  Piscataquis  river  played  an  important  part  in  the  annals  of  Indian 
history  in  Maine.  On  the  north  branch,  Pleasant  river,  is  located  Katahdin 
Iron  Works,  the  source  of  the  red  paint.  The  south  or  larger  branch  drains 
Lake  Sebec,  the  shores  of  which  were  thickly  inhabited  by  Indians.  In 
1915  our  expedition  moved  to  the  mouth  of  the  Piscataquis  and  worked  up- 
stream. As  the  men  proceeded  with  the  canoes  up  the  south  branch,  Mr. 
Smith  and  the  writer  decided  to  visit  certain  hematite  outcroppings  near 
Katahdin  Iron  Works,  as  neither  of  us  had  ever  been  at  that  place. 

Mr.  Smith  informed  me  that  a  French  engineer  a  century  ago  reported 
that  in  Williamsburg  township,  which  is  the  Katahdin  of  today,  occurred 
soft  powdered  hematite  of  such  fine  character  that  it  was  used  for  paint 
without  preparation,  and  that  it  is  one  of  the  few  places  in  the  world  where 
such  fine  paint  occurs.  Several  buildings  at  Katahdin  Iron  Works  were 
painted  with  this  red  ocher  thirty-two  years  ago  and  have  not  been  repainted, 
and  notwithstanding  the  severity  of  winters  in  northern  Maine  much  of  the 
original  color  remains. 

We  found  the  outcrop  of  powdered  hematite  on  the  surface  along  the 
foot  of  a  high  elevation  or  long  ridge  about  a  kilometer  from  the  small 
settlement  of  Katahdin  Iron  Works.  (See  Fig.  29).  Early  white  travelers 

*Hathaway's,  pp.  48-56;  sand  pit,  p.  88. 


LAKE    SEB  EC    REGION  223 

in  the  region  apparently  found  the  Indian  diggings  and  some  observed  the 
numerous  iron  nodules  and  boulders;  hence  Katahdin  Iron  Works  sprung 
into  existence  and  flourished  until  the  Pittsburg  and  other  western  fields 
were  developed.  There  are  a  dozen  or  more  large  furnaces  still  standing 
in  the  little  valley  along  Pleasant  river. 

Returning  to  our  party  with  all  that  we  could  carry  of  both  yellow  and 
red  ocher,  we  found  that  they  had  made  several  discoveries.  At  the  mouth 
of  Sebois  stream,  under  a  deposit  of  edgings  and  slabs  from  a  saw  mill,  is  a 
village  site  over  one  hundred  by  two  hundred  meters  in  extent.  Here  we 
recovered  from  a  short  distance  below  the  grass  roots  two  hundred  chipped 
objects  and  some  broken  pottery.  None  of  it  occurred  deeper  than  thirty- 
five  centimeters  from  the  surface.  An  unusual  feature  of  this  village  was 
the  fact  that  scrapers  predominated.  Fully  half  of  all  material  found  con- 
sisted of  oval  and  flake  scrapers,  but  none  of  the  notched  or  hafted  chipped 
scrapers  were  observed. 

Two  or  three  years  later  three  of  us  visited  Katahdin  Iron  Works  again 
and  looked  very  carefully  for  Red  Paint  cemeteries  in  the  vicinity,  but  the 
white  people's  operations  have  been  extensive  and  all  traces  of  Indian  exca- 
vations have  been  obliterated.  Mr.  Smith  and  I  had  seen  a  collection  in  a 
drug  store  at  Milo  which  came  from  the  shores  of  Ebemee  lake,  a  few  kilo- 
meters from  Katahdin  Iron  Works.  The  collection  contained  the  Red  Paint 
People  type,  but  the  owner  of  the  site  did  not  wish  to  have  us  carry  on  ex- 
cavations and  so  the  cemetery  is  still  unexplored. 

LAKE  SEBEC  REGION 

In  1917  we  visited  the  Sebec  region,  also  drained  by  the  Penobscot. 
The  water  was  so  high  that  we  were  unable  to  examine  the  sites  which  had 
been  described  to  us  by  Mr.  S.  J.  Guernsey  of  the  Peabody  Museum,  but 
judging  from  the  amount  of  archaeological  material  in  the  hands  of  local 
collectors,  Sebec  was  one  of  the  great  Indian  centers  in  the  State  of  Maine. 

After  a  careful  inspection  of  the  Sebec  country,  we  came  to  the  conclu- 
sion that  the  great  quantities  of  powdered  hematite  brought  from  Katahdin 
Iron  Wrorks  by  the  Indians,  and  also  much  of  the  felsite  from  Mt.  Kineo, 
were  taken  to  the  Penobscot  through  the  Piscataquis  region  rather  than 
down  the  Kennebec.  As  has  been  stated,  there  is  very  bad  water  for  some 
distance  below  Moosehead  in  the  Kennebec.  WTe  are  of  the  opinion  that  the 
Indians  loaded  their  canoes  at  Kineo  with  felsite,  paddled  to  the  south  end 
of  Moosehead,  and  then  carried  to  Wilson  Pond,  a  distance  of  about  five  kilo- 
meters. From  thence  through  Trout  Pond  and  Long  Pond  to  Sebec  Lake 
there  are  short  portages  and  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year  very  little  carry- 
ing need  be  done.  From  Sebec  Lake  down  Pleasant  River  and  the  Piscat- 
aquis to  the  Penobscot  was  an  easy  journey.  The  powdered  hematite 
would  have  to  be  carried  on  the  backs  of  the  Indians  down  the  trail  along 


224  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

Pleasant  river  to  near  the  Piscataquis  before  it  was  possible  to  navigate  in 
canoes.  We  do  not  think  the  Kineo  felsite  was  transported  down  the  West 
Branch  of  the  Penobscot,  as  that  would  necessitate  a  long  transportation  at 
North  East  Carry  and  also  portages  around  the  many  falls  of  the  West 
Branch.  i 

THE  MATTAWAMKEAG  RIVER 

In  the  latter  half  of  July,  1915,  we  went  from  Castine  to  Island  Falls,  at 
the  head  of  Mattawamkeag  West  Branch  Lake,  where  Mr.  "Bill"  Sewall  has 
a  large  camp.  Mr.  Sewall  will  be  remembered  as  President  Roosevelt's 
guide  for  many  years  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  also  in  Maine.  After 
examining  the  shores  of  the  lake,  we  proceeded  by  canoe  down  the  Matta- 
wamkeag River  to  its  mouth.  All  along  we  found  traces  of  Indian  camp 
sites,  with  a  few  stone  hatchets  and  celts  but  nothing  indicating  permanent 
occupation.  Some  distance  above  Kingman,  at  the  junction  of  two  branches 
of  the  river,  was  a  rather  extensive  village  site,  but  it  was  difficult  for  us  to 
work  there  because  a  heavy  growth  of  spruce  and  saplings  covered  the 
ground  and  our  time  was  limited.  While  descending  the  last  ten  miles  of  the 
Mattawamkeag  below  Kingman  we  had  great  trouble  to  negotiate  the  gorge 
where  occur  the  famous  Gordon  Falls,  the  Heath  and  Ledge  Falls.  River 
drivers  are  frequently  drowned  at  this  place  and  we  found  it  necessary  to 
lower  our  canoes  with  ropes.  The  outfit  got  through  safely,  however,  and 
set  up  camp  at  Mattawamkeag,  the  famous  Indian  town  at  the  junction  of 
this  river  with  the  Penobscot.  We  had  already  visited  and  explored  this 
place  in  1912,  and  we  stopped  there  again  in  1918,  but  no  trace  of  Red  Paint 
cemeteries  or  of  other  prehistoric  burials  were  found  by  any  of  the  expedi- 
tions. Only  a  number  of  graves  of  later  Indians  were  discovered. 

Mattawamkeag  is  a  delightful  situation  for  an  Indian  town.  The  Pen- 
obscot flows  southward  with  the  Mattawamkeag  entering  from  the  south 
east.  The  water  in  both  is  pure  and  clear.  South  of  the  tributary  stream 
and  flanking  the  main  river  is  a  level  bottom  of  rich  soil  and  here  the  large 
Indian  village  was  located,  nearly  half  a  kilometer  in  length.  It  was  an  ideal 
spot,  as  Mattawamkeag  stream  protects  the  east  and  north  and  the  Penob- 
scot the  west  approaches.  The  modern  village  is  on  the  slightly  higher  land 
a  little  further  to  the  east.  North  of  the  junction  and  on  the  right  bank  of 
the  Mattawamkeag  is  a  high  ridge  or  terrace  which  slopes  down  to  a  nar- 
row bottom  of  rich  land  bordering  upon  both  streams.  Here  a  smaller  vil- 
lage was  located.  All  burials  seem  to  have  been  confined  to  the  high  ridge 
above  this  site.  — «* 

Our  survey  of  1912  spent  ten  days  in  work  at  Mattawamkeag.  We  dug 
many  holes  on  the  flats  near  the  river,  both  above  and  below  where  the  Mat- 
tawamkeag enters  the  Penobscot,  and  also  sunk  numerous  pits  upon  the 
ridge.  The  land  where  the  larger  historic  village  was  situated  and  where 


THE    MATTAWAMKEAG    RIVER  225 

there  was  probably  occupation  in  more  ancient  times  as  well,  is  now  a  farm 
owned  by  Mr.  George  Budge.  Debris  covers  the  flat  for  a  distance  of  two 
hundred  by  three  hundred  meters.  During  the  course  of  our  work  here  we 
found  ash  pits  but  they  contained  little  of  consequence.  We  were  able  to 
secure  over  a  hundred  stone  and  chipped  specimens,  finished  and  unfinished, 
of  the  various  kinds.  They  were  all  very  much  like  the  ordinary  early  Al- 
gonkian  types. 

On  the  low  meadow  immediately  bordering  the  water  on  the  north  or 
right  bank  of  the  stream  at  its  mouth,  numerous  deep  test  pits  were  sunk. 
These  revealed  two  and  in  some  cases  three  layers  of  burnt  earth,  fire-cracked 
pebbles  and  charcoal.  Between  these  layers  were  bands  of  clear  sand,  seem- 
ingly river-silt.  Charcoal  was  found  at  one  spot  one  and  a  half  meters  below 
the  surface.  About  one  hundred  meters  from  the  Penobscot  the  land  rises 
abruptly,  reaching  a  height  of  twenty  or  thirty  meters.  Here  also  we  dug 
extensively.  There  is  a  tradition  among  the  local  people  that  one  of  the 
Jesuit  priests,  after  laboring  for  many  years  among  the  Indians,  died  and  was 
buried  on  a  high  sandy  knoll  on  the  north  east  side  of  Mattawamkeag 
stream,  and  that  the  chapel  bell  was  buried  with  him,  the  mission  having 
been  burned  by  the  English  from  Massachusetts  Bay,  some  time  before. 
Whether  this  tradition  is  true,  I  am  not  prepared  to  say,  but  there  are  graves 
on  the  ridge,  on  land  now  owned  by  Mr.  John  McCain.  They  are  all  of  early 
historic  Indians. 

Further  work  at  Mattawamkeag  did  not  shed  additional  light  upon  the 
question  of  occupancy.  The  village  site,  while  extensive,  covers  the  surface 
merely  and  below  the  plow-line  no  artifacts  have  been  discovered.  Those 
found,  as  stated  above,  are  in  no  sense  of  the  types  taken  from  the  red 
paint  deposits.  In  its  technique  the  Mattawamkeag  site  does  not  differ 
from  those  found  elsewhere  along  the  Penobscot,  so  far  as  a  careful  investi- 
gation on  our  part  indicates. 

Some  extracts  from  the  field  notes  follow: 

"One  pit  yielded  a  fine  grooved  hammer  of  granite  and  parts 
of  a  flint  lock  gun. 

"On  the  nearby  bluff  numerous  pits  and  a  short  trench  re- 
vealed graves.  From  the  first  of  these  were  taken  pyrites  (?),.a 
hammer  stone  and  an  iron  grape  shot.  The  place  had  been  plowed. 
Further  work  revealed  several  batches  of  "color"  but  scarcely  . 
enough  to  class  them  as  Red  Paint  People's  graves.  Two  arrow 
points  of  polished  slate  were  found,  one  connected  with  ocher  and 
one  apparently  a  >l  my.  Positions:  Point  with  rounded  stem:  E.  10° 
N.,  50  cm.  down,  ocher  68  cm.  down.  Other  point,  N.  20°  E.,  50 
cm.  down.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  both  these  points  are  of  different 
type  from  any  found  at  Orland.  No  large  objects  or  unquestioned 
pyrites  came  to  light.  In  one  pit  a  handful  of  bone  fragments 


226  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

scattered  over  a  considerable  area  in  brown  and  reddish  earth  was 
found.  These  probably  represent  camp-site  refuse  and  burnt 
earth.  We  found  four  interments.  In  two  of  these  were  fragments 
of  human  bones.  There  was  a  rusty  flint  lock  in  the  edge  of  one  of 
these  graves  but  we  did  not  think  that  the  gun  had  been  buried, 
else  more  of  the  barrel  would  have  remained.  Fragments  of  clay 
pipes  of  the  early  forms  and  one  or  two  bullets  were  found  during 
our  explorations,  also  a  piece  of  rusty  sword  blade.  In  one  grave 
where  the  skeleton  had  almost  entirely  disappeared,  there  was  a 
slate  spear  head  of  a  different  type  from  any  found  in  the  graves 
of  the  Red  Paint  People,  and  a  natural  formation,  or  water- worn 
stone,  shaped  somewhat  like  an  animal.  At  another  place  in  the 
lower  grounds  we  dug  up  a  large  grooved  stone  maul  or  hammer. 
No  grooved  tools  have  been  found  in  the  Red  Paint  People  graves." 
Believing  that  no  Red  Paint  People  were  buried  on  the  right  bank  of 
Mattawamkeag  stream,  and  not  wishing  to  disturb  the  graves  of  the  mis- 
sion Indians,  we  examined  other  lands  along  the  river. 

In  1915  and  again  in  1918,  when  we  were  coming  down  the  Penobscot, 
we  stopped  at  Mattawamkeag  and  did  more  work;  it  was  impossible,  how- 
ever, to  find  any  Red  Paint  People's  cemetery.  On  the  west  bank  of  the 
Penobscot  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Mattawamkeag  River  is  a  level  bench 
or  terrace  about  two  hundred  meters  in  length.  Here  we  found  two  large 
wigwam  sites.  These  were  carefully  hand-trowelled  out  and  we  were  re- 
warded by  finding  several  hundred  chips,  small  scrapers,  arrow  heads 
and  broken  objects,  largely  of  jasper.  We  found  no  pottery  and  no  large 
broken  stone  tools.  There  was  considerable  burnt  earth  but  no  fire  stones. 
These  two  sites  were  apparently  where  large  cabins  had  been  placed,  and 
appeared  to  be  about  eight  or  nine  meters  in  diameter. 

In  1918  we  camped  at  the  lower  end  of  the  large  flat  where  the  Matta- 
wamkeag Indian  town  was  located,  and  here  we  found  another  wigwam  site 
on  which  were  large  numbers  of  pieces  of  chipped  felsite  and  Kineo  stone.  It 
is  interesting  to  note  that  on  the  west  side,  across  the  Penobscot,  jasper  pre- 
dominated, whereas  on  the  east  side  there  was  no  jasper,  or  very  little.  Thus 
the  natives  living  on  one  side  of  the  river  used  jasper  almost  exclusively 
while  the  finds  on  the  other  bank  indicate  the  use  of  another  material.  On 
the  islands  near  Mattawamkeag  or  above  or  below,  we  were  able  to  find  very 
little  evidences  of  occupation.  We  are  told  that  ice  and  logs,  in  seasons  when 
the  river  is  unusually  high,  have  damaged  or  Deduced  the  surface  soil.  This 
may  account  for  the  scarcity  of  Indian  "  signs  "  on  the  low-lands. 

Continuing  up  the  Penobscot  in  1915  we  come  to  Medway  where  the 
East  Branch  and  West  Branch  of  the  Penobscot  join.  Here  was  a  large 
Indian  site  and  we  secured  thirty  or  forty  knives  and  spear  and  arrow  points, 


THE    MATTAWAMKEAG    RIVER 

and  some  rude  plummets  and  broken  axes.  There  is  also  much  pottery  here 
and  a  number  of  ash  pits.  The  place  should  be  thoroughly  examined. 

Proceeding  up  the  West  Branch  we  soon  came  to  Shad  Pond  near  the 
present  "pulp  town"  of  Millinocket.  Here  the  Great  Northern  Paper 
Company  has  built  an  immense  dam  and  turned  practically  all  the  water  of 
the  West  Branch  into  power  to  run  a  pulp  mill.  The  West  Branch  bed 
therefore  is  nearly  dry  for  some  kilometers  and  affords  splendid  opportunity 
for  searching.  Yet,  although  the  entire  party  walked  up  the  bed  of  the  river, 
we  found  little  or  nothing. 

This  is  not  surprising  if  one  is  familiar  with  the  history  of  the  West 
Branch  falls.  Formerly  a  large  body  of  water  poured  through  this  little 
gorge.  Millions  of  feet  of  timber  from  the  upper  lakes  were  run  through  the 
falls  each  spring.  Often  jams  occurred  at  this  place,  and  the  West  Branch 
falls  were  considered  the  most  dangerous  place  between  Bangor  and  Chesun- 
cook.  The  jams  backed  up  the  water  for  some  distance,  and  when  the  jam 
finally  broke,  the  force  of  the  combination  —  tens  of  thousands  of  logs  and 
perhaps  a  crest  of  four  to  six  meters  of  water  —  swept  everything  before  it. 
Sand,  gravel,  stones  —  the  whole  mass  —  went  into  the  deeper  waters  be- 
yond. All  Indian  implements  left  along  the  shores  of  the  West  Branch  falls 
except  those  dropped  on  higher  land  have  long  since  been  washed  away. 
In  fact  the  mill  and  forest  owners  in  Maine  have  "changed  the  face  of  the 
earth".  What  Kipling  said  of  the  elephant  Hathi  is  true  of  the  Maine 
"timber  king" 

"And  where  Hathi  gleans  there  is  no  need  to  follow." 

We  established  camp  on  the  edge  of  Shad  Pond  where  Millinocket 
stream  enters,  and  spent  several  days  in  digging  and  searching  up  and 
down  the  WestBranch.  WTe  found  numerous  indications  of  temporary  camps 
such  as  great  quantities  of  chips  and  spalls  of  Kineo  stone,  ashes  of  camp  fires, 
hammer  stones  and  a  few  broken  celts;  also  some  pits  or  caches  in  which  pro- 
perty had  been  stored;  but  nothing  indicating  the  presence  of  a  great  camp 
site  or  burial  place  could  be  discovered.  Fig.  Ill  presents  a  large  ash  pit 
found  on  the  banks  of  Shad  Pond  in  which  the  layers  of  charcoal  and  ashes 
are  unusually  clear.  It  was  more  than  one  and  one  half  meters  in  width  and 
a  meter  deep  but  contained  no  objects  and  its  purpose  must  remain  a  mys- 
tery. 

Up  the  W'est  Branch  between  Millinockett  and  Chesuncook  Lake  are 
some  encampments  of  Indian  hunters  and  fishermen,  and  upon  the  sandy 
shores  of  Chesuncook  Lake  are  evidences  of  the  largest  interior  village  north 
of  Bangor.  Mr.  Marks  was  fortunate  in  being  able  to  examine  the  territory 
before  the  great  dams  were  built,  and  lie  has  given  me  some  particulars  con- 
cerning the  extent  of  this  site.  There  was  also  a  large  burial  ground  near  the 
southern  end  of  the  hike  and  from  it  Mr.  Marks  secured  many  of  the  polished 


228  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

implements  and  ornaments  now  in  the  Andover  collection.  These  are  all 
Algonkian  forms;  there  do  not  appear  to  be  any  Red  Paint  People  types.  A 
large  bone  fish  hook,  curved  and  barbed,  was  found  by  him  on  the  beach. 
This  is  the  only  hook  of  that  pattern  from  northern  Maine  known  to  me. 

PITTSTON 

From  Chesuncook  we  proceeded  on  up  the  West  Branch  to  Pittston 
Farm,  a  supply  depot  of  the  Northern  Paper  Company,  which  is  well  over 
toward  the  western  Canadian  border  of  the  state.  Here  the  river  forks  again 
and  each  branch  is  quite  small.  Remains  of  aboriginal  occupation  occur  on 
both  sides  of  the  main  stream  and  on  the  point  between  the  north  and  the 
south  branches.  It  was  an  encampment  of  some  duration,  for  pottery  is 
found,  and  we  never  obtain  that  on  temporary  hunting  sites.  There  is, 
however,  little  evidence  of  any  extended  camp  site  proper;  the  place  seems 
to  have  been  rather  a  group  of  small  shop  sites  for  roughing  out  discs  and 
"  turtlebacks  "  from  the  "  quarried  "  Kineo  stone.  It  is  but  fair  to  state  that 
the  site  showing  most  evidence  of  camp  occupation  could  be  but  slightly  ex- 
plored when  we  were  there  in  1914  because  it  was  covered  by  a  heavy  crop 
of  hay,  and  that  commodity  is  very  valuable,  since  Pittston  is  far  from  rail- 
way connections  and  farms.  Plan  XVI  shows  the  Pittston  sites. 

Site  1 .  This  was  on  the  right  bank  of  the  main  stream,  the  West  Branch 
of  the  Penobscot,  at  the  Forks,  and  occupies  the  highest  land  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity.  Here  were  found  some  triangular  and  leaf -shaped  blanks  in- 
cluding one  which  was  thirty-five  by  thirteen  centimeters,  very  evenly  chip- 
ped. The  left  object  in  fig.  112.  Thirteen  of  these  blanks,  whole  or  frag- 
mentary, were  found  at  this  site,  all  of  them  where  the  river  bank,  two  me- 
ters high,  had  washed  away  leaving  the  gravel.  One  jasper  perforator,  two 
broken  knives,  and  a  broken  arrow  head  were  found,  and  also  a  few  irregular 
Kineo  blocks  and  numerous  large  chips.  Immediately  below  the  sod  at  one 
place  was  a  layer  of  ash  containing  a  few  crumbs  of  bone  and  a  little  nest  of 
pottery  fragments.  The  large  chipped  implements  are  shown  in  figs.  112* 
and  113. 

Site  2.  This  was  near  the  westerly  shore  of  the  point  between  the 
Forks,  next  the  so-called  South  branch.  The  finds  consisted  of  a  double 
handful  of  coarse  Kineo  chips  occurring  in  a  space  about  ten  meters  across 
among  a  dozen  or  so  of  boulders  weighing  from  twenty  to  fifty  pounds 
each.  One  quartz  scraper  was  found  but  no  other  evidence  of  finished  ob- 
jects nor  of  rejects. 

Site  3.  This  was  on  the  left  bank  of  the  North  branch  not  far  from  the 
junction.  It  was  marked  by  a  deposit  of  coarse  Kineo  chips  in  a  little  pocket 

*NOTE:  The  long  leaf-shaped  blade  to  left  in  Fig.  112  is  the  largest  recorded  from  New  England. 
On  examination  I  conclude  that  it  may  be  a  finished  object  and  not  a  blank  as  is  stated  in  the  text. 


P  I  T  T  S  T  0  N  2*9 

not  more  than  three  meters  across  immediately  below  the  sod.    There  was  no 
sign  of  any  finished  objects  or  of  rejects. 

Site  4-  This  was  on  a  flat-topped  sand  ridge  about  one  hundred  meters 
east  of  the  bank  of  the  West  Branch  proper  and  nearly  parallel  with  it. 
The  objects  occurred  immediately  in  the  grass  roots.  It  yielded  six  trian- 
gular Kineo  scrapers,  one  chipped  knife  thirteen  centimeters  long,  a  broken 
celt,  a  small,  square-end,  broken  chipped  knife,  and  about  two  double  hand- 
fuls  of  coarse  Kineo  chips.  These  objects  were  found  in  an  area  less  than 
fifteen  meters  across.  This  whole  sand  ridge  as  well  as  the  gravelly  hill 
slope  behind  it  was  covered  by  an  ash  layer  immediately  below  the  sod.  It 
was  probably  caused  by  a  forest  fire  burning  the  wood  mold,  but  this  does 
not  preclude  the  possibility  that  in  some  spots  it  may  have  been  added  to  by 
camp  fires.  This  ash  layer  has  given  a  dark  color  to  one  side  of  most  of  the 
objects  from  sites  4  and  5. 

Site  5.  This  was  farther  south,  and  near  the  river  bank.  The  chips  here 
were  noticeably  smaller  than  at  the  other  sites.  About  sixty  chipped  ob- 
jects were  found,  mostly  broken  square-end  knives.  There  were  two  notched 
arrow  points,  whole.  Two  deposits  of  pottery  fragments  occurred  imme- 
diately among  the  grass  roots.  They  more  than  filled  a  large  cigar  box,  mostly 
in  small  pieces.  It  is  the  heavy,  coarsely  tempered,  punch-decorated,  ar- 
chaic Algonkian  ware,  similar  to  that  found  in  the  shell  heaps  at  French- 
man's Bay. 

A  small  deposit  of  Kineo  felsite  chips  was  found  about  half  way  between 
sites  5  and  6,  in  the  tote  road  which  follows  the  ridge  mentioned  above. 

The  site  as  a  whole  is  noticeable  for  the  proportionately  large  number  of 
broken  small  chipped  objects  and  for  the  total  absence  of  small  rejects.  The 
chips  are  markedly  coarse.  Local  slate  was  used  for  chipping  to  a  very 
slight  extent. 

In  June,  1914,  an  expedition  composed  of  eleven  men  with  equipment  of 
six  large  canoes,  four  tents  and  complete  camp-outfit,  left  Pittston  Farm  and 
ascended  the  small  North  Branch  of  the  West  Branch  of  the  Penobscot. 
This  was  an  exceedingly  hard  trip.  Within  five  kilometers  we  reached  the 
limit  of  paddling  and  were  compelled  to  use  poles.  Soon  afterwards  all  had 
to  wade  and  drag  the  canoes.  We  proceeded  slowly  and  carefully,  since  our 
canoes  might  be  damaged  on  the  sharp  rocks  and  rendered  useless.  It  is  well 
to  quote  a  few  paragraphs  from  the  field  diary. 

"Thursday  the  25th.  Continued  dragging  the  canoes  up 
stream  all  day.  The  men  became  tired.  Some  fire  wardens  had 
preceded  us  and  they  raised  gates  of  the  Bog  dam.  But  for  this  we 
could  not  have  got  up,  there  being  very  little  water.  Camped  in 
old  lumber  shack.  Friday,  26th,  proceeded  on  up  the  stream 
through  dead  water  for  about  6  kilometers.  The  North  Branch  here 
was  originally  very  small,  but  as  it  passes  through  low  land  the  dam 


230  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

has  changed  several  miles  of  land  into  a  bog  or  muddy  lake.  At 
the  head  of  this  bog  the  stream  passes  through  flat  country  with 
clay  banks  and  high  grass.  Very  crooked  stream.  Two  kilometers 
of  paddling  equalled  three  hundred  meters  in  a  straight  distance. 
Four  or  five  kilometers  farther,  having  dragged  the  canoes  up  to  a 
clearing,  found  a  cabin  occupied  by  two  Frenchmen.*  Here  the 
stream  is  not  more  than  two  meters  wide.  Later  they  informed  us 
a  new  trail  had  been  cut  over  the  hills  to  St.  John  Pond.  The  dis- 
tance is  eight  kilometers  and  the  trail  very  rough.  We  found  the 
Frenchmen  absent  the  afternoon  we  arrived.  Spent  several  hours 
hunting  for  them.  Walked  to  St.  John  Pond  and  back.  Searched 
shores,  found  nothing.  The  Frenchmen  were  found  in  the  evening, 
and  began  making  sleds  to  haul  our  canoes  over  the  carry  [to  St. 
John  Pond].  Saturday  a.  m.  at  8.00,  two  sleds  being  completed, 
two  canoes  and  baggage  were  hauled  over.  Our  men  had  to  help 
clear  trail,  cut  trees,  etc.  Required  labor  of  six  men  four  hours  to 
take  two  canoes  eight  kilometers.  Following  our  custom,  the  cook's 
outfit  went  first  and  camp  was  established.  Two  more  canoes  were 
brought  over  late  Saturday  afternoon  and  the  last  two,  Sunday 
morning.  The  canoe  bottoms  were  found  to  be  badly  scraped. 

"St.  John's  Pond  was  examined  but  no  traces  of  Indian  occu- 
pation found.  Monday  the  29th,  started  down  St.  John  river  [here 
called  the  WToboostook  or  Baker  stream].  Small  stream,  heavily 
wooded.  Water  was  cold  and  alive  with  trout.  Great  game  country. 
Many  deer  seen.  Our  cook,  James  Rideout,  without  leaving  his 
fireplace,  counted  nineteen  in  three  hours.  The  stream  was  very 
small,  full  of  rocks  and  rapids.  It  was  necessary  to  drag  canoes 
nearly  all  the  way  to  Baker  Lake,  thirty  kilometers  distant.  Rained 
hard  Tuesday  the  30th  and  we  remained  in  camp  all  day. 

"Wednesday,  July  1st,  proceeded  on  down  river,  wading  usually 
but  poling  canoes  now  and  then.*  There  were  no  signs  of  Indian  en- 
campments until  we  reached  Baker  Lake.  No  flint  chips  on  the 
shores.  Great  quantities  of  duck,  deer,  trout,  etc.  We  came  to 
dead  water  several  kilometers  above  Baker  Lake  and  were  able  to 
paddle.  All  the  men  were  glad  of  this  because  they  had  become 
chilled  and  tired  wading  in  water.  The  elevation  must  be  consid- 
erable as  the  nights  are  quite  cold  with  frost.  Spent  half  day  at 
Baker's  examining  shores.  Found  a  camp  site  at  the  outlet;  stone 
celt,  scraper,  chips,  etc.  That  evening  reached  Morrison's  Depot 
Camp.  Found  no  specimens. 


*Fig.  114  illustrates  how  the  canoes  were  lifted  over  rocks  and  shallows,  logs  and  beaver  dams 
*Fig.  115  shows  a  heaver  dam  near  the  St.  John. 


P I  T  T  S  T  O  N 

"July  2nd.  Ran  down  rapidly  through  swift  water  to  a 
lumber  camp  where  the  Southwest  branch  and  South  branch  or 
main  St.  John  come  together.  Found  a  site,  and  as  the  river  was 
much  larger  our  troubles  were  over.  Here  were  numbers  of  chips 
and  spalls  lying  together  as  if  there  had  been  wigwam  sites.  [The 
material  is  a  light,  chalky  rhyolite  and  different  from  stone  on  sites 
down  river.  It  is  almost  white  in  color  and  much  weathered.] 

"From  here  to  Seven  Islands  [July  4th]  are  several  small  sites**. 
Numbers  of  specimens  have  been  discovered  at  Seven  Islands  and 
there  is  a  village  site  here,  but  as  it  was  planted  in  oats  and  timothy 
and  this  is  the  farthest  up-river  settlement  with  grain  and  hay  high 
in  price,  the  owner  did  not  wish  us  to  excavate.  He  had  found  a 
grooved  axe,  an  iron  tomahawk  and  some  arrow  heads. 

''  The  afternoon  of  July  4th  we  ran  through  some  bad  rapids  to 
the  Big  Black  [or  Great  Black]  River,  and  camped  there  until 
the  morning  of  the  9th.    This  stream  was  mentioned  as  being  rich  in 
Indian  signs.    We  examined  all  points  of  land  and  shores  thorough- 
ly, did  much  digging  and  sent  an  expedition  up  the  Big  Black  30 
kilometers.     Found  two  camp  sites,  only  one  important.     It  fur- 
nished a  large  stone  ornament***,  some  knives,  arrow  heads,  etc. 
This  tablet  is  18  cm.  long,  6  cm.  wide  in  the  center.    The  top  is 
decorated  by  notches.    Material,  granite;  color,  dark." 
At  the  junction  of  the  North  West  branch  and  the  main  St.  John 
river  there  is  indication  of  Algonkian  culture  in  the  form  of  flint  chips,  arrow 
heads  and  broken  stone  hatchets.    No  pottery  was  discovered  in  any  of  these 
sites,  and  the  conclusion  is  that  the  camps  are  those  of  hunters  and  were  not 
occupied  as  permanent  villages. 

Where  Shield's  brook,  or  the  Metawakwansis  stream,  empties  into  the 
Great  Black  river  was  a  reputed  Indian  burying  ground.  There  is  a  field 
and  sand  ridge  at  this  point,  with  a  slight  sand  knoll  on  the  edge  of  Shield's 
brook.  The  most  curious  feature  is  a  group  of  little  mounds,  about  two 
to  two  and  a  half  meters  long  and  a  meter  wide,  scattered  over  the  upper 
field.  They  exactly  resemble  the  mounds  with  which  modern  graves  are 
sometimes  marked,  but  careful  digging  to  a  depth  of  two  meters  failed  to 
reveal  the  slightest  trace  of  any  burials  whatsoever,  or  any  disturbance  of 
the  soil.  Some  at  least  of  these  mounds  are  palpably  artificial  and  probably 
all  are  so.  About  one  dozen  were  dug  into  without  result  in  any  case.  A 
small  ash  layer,  with  one  broken  arrow  head,  was  located  on  the  slope  of  the 
sand  ridge.  The  knoll  in  front  of  the  forestry  and  fire  wardens'  cabins 

**Sites  are  shown  on  our  map  of  Somerset  County  in  the  Department  files,  hut  the  map  is  not 
reproduced  here.  See  plan  XVIII,  Aroostook  County. 

***This  is  shown  helow  in  Fig.  116.  It  is  not  of  Red  Paint  People  type,  hut  smaller  and  made 
of  u  dark  granite,  well  polished. 


PLAN  XI 


OUTLINE     MAP 

OF     THE 

LOWER     PART    OF 
PENOBSCOT     COUNTY 
MAINE. 

DRAWN     BY 
E  .0.  S  U  G  0  E  N 
19  19 


P  I  T  T  S  T  O  N  233 

was  tested  without  result.    A  total  of  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-five 
test  pits  were  dug. 

From  the  Big  Black  to  St.  Francis  on  the  Canada  line,  some  seventy 
kilometers,  the  country  was  examined  but  little  was  found.  Although  the 
forests  are  very  heavy  and  the  timber  line  extends  to  the  water,  we  dug  hun- 
dreds of  pits  on  points  of  land  at  the  junction  of  streams  and  on  all  favorable 
sites  throughout  this  journey.  This  heavy  growth  makes  work  difficult  and 
also  prevents  extensive  excavations.  When  the  country  is  cleared,  sites 
may  be  found,  yet  I  doubt  if  large  sites  will  be  discovered  even  when  facili- 
ties for  work  are  better.  The  reason  that  nothing  of  consequence  was  dis- 
covered on  the  upper  waters  is  that  the  Indians  never  visited  those  regions 
in  any  considerable  numbers,  not  that  our  work  was  either  insufficient  or 
careless.  The  notes  continue: 

"We  proceeded  on  down  to  St.  Francis,  mapping  sites  and  on 
Saturday,  July  llth,  went  up  St.  Francis  river  to  Glasier  Lake. 
The  survey  now  consisted  of  twelve  men.  The  tents  were  pitched 
at  the  head  of  the  lake,  12  or  15  kilometers  north  of  the  St.  John. 

"Monday  the  13th.  Broke  camp  at  Glasier  Lake,  moved  down 
to  John's  farm  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Francis  river.  Here  we  found 
a  good  sized  camp  site  and  discovered  many  flint  chips,  bones,  and 
knives.  Spent  the  night  there. 

"Tuesday  the  14th.  Worked  in  the  morning,  ran  to  Fort  Kent, 
and  camped  at  mouth  of  Fish  river. 

"Wednesday  the  15th.  Sent  expedition  up  Fish  river,  fifteen 
kilometers,  but  they  found  nothing. 

"Thursday  the  16th.  Went  thirty  kilometers  down  river  to 
Edmonston,  [mouth  of  the  Madawaska,  Canadian  side]  finding  here 
an  Indian  village  of  the  Malecites.  Engaged  a  prominent  Indian, 
Noel  Bernard,  and  his  brother,  to  go  up  to  lake  fifty  kilometers  up 
the  Madawaska  to  search  for  quarry  site,  etc.  Dug  upon  a  flat 
near  the  Indian  village.  Negative  results." 

From  now  on  there  were  more  indications  of  Indian  occupation,  but  all 
pointed  to  Algonkian  stock  rather  than  Red  Paint  culture,  and  most  of  the 
sites  were  not  very  ancient.  There  are  three  Indian  settlements  in  New 
Brunswick  at  various  points  along  the  river.  At  these  the  older  Indians 
took  an  interest  in  our  work  and  gave  us  much  information.  Every  story 
or  tradition  was  investigated,  but  all  related  to  Indians  of  the  past  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years.  With  the  exception  of  the  old  sub-chief,  Noel  Bernard, 
who  told  us  of  a  site  at  the  head  of  the  Madawaska  river,  the  Indians  as 
well  as  the  white  people  were  of  little  or  no  benefit  to  our  expedition.  In 
two  days  Bernard  and  his  brother  returned  in  the  canoe  we  had  given  them 
and  reported  a  large  quarry  site,  bringing  back  about  a  peck  of  material. 
This  is  a  dark,  almost  black  flint  and  seems  to  have  been  extensively  worked 


234  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

* 

by  the  St.  John  Indians.  It  is  just  possible  that  the  Madawaska  stream, 
together  with  the  St.  Francis  and  Tobique,  were  the  three  lines  of  travel  by 
canoe  between  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the  St.  John.  This  is  what  the  Malecite 
Indians  claim.  These  streams  can  be  investigated  some  spring  but  they  are 
too  small  to  traverse  in  the  summer  except  at  the  expense  of  great  labor  and 
the  risk  of  damaging  the  canoes. 

On  the  19th,  20th  and  21st,  we  went  down  to  Grand  Falls,  in  New 
Brunswick,  spent  a  day  there  digging,  but  found  nothing,  and  went  on  an- 
other thirty  kilometers  to  the  mouth  of  the  Tobique.  Here  we  spent  some 
days  investigating,  and  found  that  the  modern  Malecite  Indian  village  was 
built  over  a  prehistoric  site  —  an  interesting  discovery.  No  cemetery 
could  be  found,  although  several  hundred  pits  were  sunk  for  a  radius  of 
about  four  kilometers  about  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

"Wed.  the  22nd.  Spent  a  pleasant  evening  with  the  priest, 
Father  Ryan,  who  told  me  all  about  his  work  with  the  Malecite 
Indians.  He  has  been  here  eight  years.  We  visited  numerous 
Indians  and  found  they  knew  little  about  ancient  times.  Went 
up  Tobique  stream  five  kilometers  and  dug,  also  sunk  pits  all  about 
Indian  village.  Found  a  few  flint  chips  and  broken  knives. 

"  Thursday  the  23rd.  Started  from  Tobique  and  ran  to  Bristol. 
Found  an  old  Mohawk  and  Malecite  fort  across  river.  Dug  in  same 
but  found  nothing.  Took  measurements.  No  village  site.  Dug 
at  several  points  along  the  river  on  high  hills. 

"Friday  the  24th.  Paddled  and  sailed  fifty  kilometers  to 
Woodstock.  Camped  on  an  island.  The  new  guide,  James  Devoe, 
gave  me  a  list  of  nine  ancient  villages  of  his  people,  the  Male- 
cites,  between  Tobique  and  St.  John  City. 

"Saturday  July  25th.  The  men  dug  at  the  mouth  of  brook 
three  kilometers  up  river.  They  found  flint  chips  and  broken  knives 
there.  We  ran  to  Meductic,  sixteen  kilometers  below  Woodstock 
and  camped  Saturday  evening." 

Meductic  (or  Medoctic)  is  the  largest  and  most  important  site  that  we 
have  observed  on  the  St.  John,  and  a  most  interesting  place.  It  is  situated 
on  a  large  bottom  or  flat  terrace  extending  for  about  a  kilometer  along  the 
west  bank,  and  there  are  two  good  springs.  At  the  upper  end  it  is  historic 
ground,  at  the  lower,  prehistoric.  At  least  so  we  assume,  for  there  are  few 
chipped  objects  on  the  upper  part  of  the  field,  but  numerous  deposits  of 
ashes  and  burnt  stones. 

One  of  the  earliest  chapels  built  by  the  Jesuits  was  erected  here,  and  the 
King  of  France  gave  a  bell  to  the  church  about  1650,  if  I  am  correctly  in- 
formed. From  this  village  raids  were  organized  against  the  Massachusetts 
colony;  it  was  one  of  the  sites  of  the  French  and  Indian  war,  and  played  its 


P  I  T  TS  T  0 


N    0 


M    E    R 


PLAN  IS3 

THE     FORKS, 
WEST     BRANCH 

BSCOT      RIVER, 

TSTON,    MAINE. 
SET       COUNTY. 

*  N     B    Y     EOS  U  C  DC   N.  1*1  4. 


236  MAINE   ARCHAEOLOGY 

part  in  the  American  Revolution.  The  Mohawks  and  the  Malecites  had  a 
great  fight  here  about  three  centuries  ago. 

We  dug  nearly  a  week  on  this  place,  but  as  oats,  potatoes,  hay,  etc., 
were  at  their  best,  damage  for  destruction  of  crops  was  excessive.  All  the 
farmers  have  specimens  of  the  usual  forms  but  none  of  the  Red  Paint  types 
were  observed,  and  no  ancient  cemetery  could  be  found.  A  child's  skele- 
ton was  found  during  our  testing  operations,  but  as  it  appeared  to  be  recent 
we  left  it  in  its  grave.  The  place  merits  careful  study  at  some  future  time. 

We  ascertained  at  Meductic  that  Mr.  Guernsey  of  the  Peabody  Mu- 
seum had  visited  this  site  two  years  previously  and  that  Professor  Speck  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  New  York,  had  worked  here  and  farther  down  the  St.  John.  We 
did  not  wish  to  cover  ground  they  had  explored,  since  their  field  notes  would 
probably  be  available  for  our  use;  therefore,  after  we  had  spent  some  days 
digging  test  pits  and  collecting  surface  material  amounting  to  over  one 
hundred  chipped  objects  and  pottery  fragments,  we  left  the  place  and 
moved  overland  to  Eel  river,  eight  kilometers  distant  to  the  west. 

THE  ST.  CROIX  WATERS 

In  Washington  County,  Maine,  are  the  Grand  and  Schoodic  Lakes  and 
the  East  and  West  Branches  of  the  St.  Croix  River,  which  drains  a  consid- 
erable area.  As  some  collections  of  red  jasper  and  projectile  points  pre- 
sented to  the  Peabody  Museum  by  Dr.  S.  J.  Mixter  came  from  Grand 
Lake*,  and  as  the  author  of  this  report  had  frequently  heard  of  the  "wealth 
of  archaeological  material"  supposed  to  exist  in  the  St.  Croix  waters,  he  de- 
cided to  take  the  survey  to  that  region.  On  the  30th  of  July,  accordingly, 
we  abandoned  St.  John  waters  and  moving  across  from  the  head  of  Eel  river, 
we  reached  North  Lake,  the  head  of  the  St.  Croix,  about  dark.  We  camped 
upon  a  fine  sand  beach  and  next  morning  found  a  small  Indian  site.  We 
continued  prospecting  on  this  part  of  the  St.  Croix  and  near  Forest  City  up 
to  August  2nd  and  then  carried  the  outfit  around  a  log  jam  to  Spendic  or 
Grand  Lake.  Here  heavy  winds  continued,  making  the  lake  dangerous  for 
our  canoes,  and  we  therefore  chartered  a  steamer  and  spent  two  days  ex- 
amining all  the  points  and  shores. 

The  only  specimen  recovered  was  a  celt  or  gouge-hatchet  which 
Mr.  Crandalmeyer,  who  owns  a  cottage  on  the  lake,  presented  us.  Not  far 
from  the  lake,  on  an  elevation  or  sand  ridge  known  as  Indian  hill,  not  quite 
a  kilometer  from  the  outlet,  two  red  ocher  deposits  were  discovered  by  us, 
but  no  graves.  A  Dr.  Martin,  who  lives  in  Vanceboro  and  occupies  a  sum- 
mer cottage  on  one  end  of  this  sandy  knoll,  had  found  a  long  Red  Paint 


*In  Room  32  of  Peabody  Museum,  long  case,  "Maine":  Unfinished  implements  (cache  forms), 
scrapers,  rejects,  and  chips.  Found  buried  about  nine  inches  deep  on  Twin  Sisters  Island,  Grand  Lake, 
Washington  County,  Maine.  Most  of  these  stones  are  wholly  or  partly  of  a  dark  reddish  stone  (jasper.) 


FIG    112.     Leaf  shaped  implement,  probably    eomplete,    to   the    left;    unfinished    blade    to   the 
right.    Pittston  farm  site.     See  p.  228.    S.  1-3. 


238  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

People  adze  blade,  and  the  proprietor  of  the  Vanceboro  Hotel  had  a  slender 
pendant  of  the  Passadumkeag  type  which  was  found  on  a  sand  beach  at  the 
lower  end  of  Spendic  Lake.  The  citizens  of  Vanceboro  and  vicinity  took 
much  interest  in  our  work  and  offered  suggestions  and  freely  gave  us  per- 
mission to  excavate,  but  aside  from  the  sand  knoll  referred  to  we  could 
find  no  cemeteries,  either  modern  or  ancient.  It  is  probable  that  the  few 
deposits  of  red  ocher  in  the  sand  ridge  indicate  two  or  three  graves,  rather 
than  a  cemetery  of  any  extent. 

Some  three  weeks  were  spent  in  the  Grand,  Schoodic,  and  St.  Croix 
waters,  but  no  sites  other  than  ordinary  camp  sites  could  be  discovered,  al- 
though we  searched  diligently.  Mr.  Manning  was  meanwhile  directed  to 
visit  East  Machias.  In  company  with  several  men  he  examined  the  region 
and  I  herewith  append  his  report  from  the  field  notes. 

EAST  MACHIAS 

"A  camp  site  here  on  the  strip  of  land  between  the  field  owned 
by  a  Mr.  Talbot  and  the  Maine  Central  railroad  track  was  in- 
vestigated. The  field  immediately  up  stream  from  this  lot  also 
shows  traces  of  wigwam  locations.  Where  cut  by  the  railroad,  the 
layer  of  black  earth  bearing  chips  and  many  fragments  of  pottery  is 
in  places  more  than  40  cm.  thick.  The  greatest  recorded  depth  for 
pottery  was  60  cm.  from  the  surface.  The  pottery  was  variously 
decorated,  and  the  decorations,  with  base  and  rim  forms,  seemed  to 
indicate  the  archaic  as  well  as  the  late  types  of  Algonkian  pottery. 
One  fragment  appeared  to  be  an  Algonkian  copy  of  Iroquois  rim 
form  and  design.  No  pottery  indicating  shell  tempering  was  seen. 
A  favorable-looking  knoll  adjacent  was  not  tested  as  the  owner  did 
not  desire  us  to  disturb  a  heavy  hay  crop. 

"At  the  outlet  of  Gardiner  Lake  there  are  evidences  of  another 
camp  site.    Gardiner  Lake  was  searched  west  of  the  outlet  for  a  mile, 
as  was  the  gravel  bluff  where  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of 
Technology  summer  camp  stands. 

"Mr.  Smith,  who  owns  land  at  the  outlet,  tells  of  finding  gouges 
and  'chisels'  on  a  knoll  upon  his  land,  as  well  as  a  long  slate  spear 
and  a  fragment  of  one,  the  latter  being  presented  to  us  by  his  son. 

"Mr.  Kingsley,  the  druggist  of  East  Machias,  has  a  small  col- 
lection of  Algonkian  pieces  found  in  the  neighborhood.  He  says 
that  a  skeleton  wrapped  in  hide  (?)  was  dug  out  of  a  gravel  knoll 
behind  the  present  town  hall.  This  burial  was  historic,  as  the  In- 
dian possessed  a  gun  and  an  iron  hatchet." 

THE  DAMAEISCOTTA  REGION 

In  1918  it  was  decided  to  examine  the  coast  between  the  mouth  of  the 
Georges  river  and  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec,  in  order  to  determine  if  there 


FIG.  113.     Thive  unfinished  objects  of  felsite  from  I'ittston  farm  .site,  see  p.  228.     S.  2-5. 


240 

were  any  village  sites,  Red  Paint  People's  cemeteries,  shell  heaps,  or  even 
historic  Indian  camps  to  be  found  there.  A  small  expedition  composed  of 
three  men  spent  about  ten  weeks  covering  this  territory.  Early  in  June 
they  located  at  Waldoboro  and  went  to  the  head  of  the  Medomak  river. 
Little  of  consequence  was  here  found.  The  men  cruised  about  Waldoboro 
Bay  finding  a  number  of  shell  heaps,  which  were  placed  on  the  maps.  Many 
of  these  were  examined  by  means  of  the'  usual  test  pits,  but  they  were  not 
rich  in  artifacts  of  bone  or  stone. 

We  then  went  to  Muscongus  Island,  since  reports  by  local  authorities 
indicated  a  large  burial  ground  there  and  we  knew  that  relics  from  graves 
had  been  in  the  possession  of  citizens  of  Waldoboro.  We  prospected  on  the 
north  end  of  the  island,  which  we  were  told  was  the  site  of  the  cemetery 
but  the  sand  was  so  shifted  and  the  ocean  had  washed  up  such  large  quan- 
tities of  gravel,  that  it  was  impossible  for  us  to  locate  any  graves.  The  shell 
heap  on  the  island  was  tested  by  some  thirty  small  pits  but  little  of  conse- 
quence was  found.  On  the  south  end  of  Hog  Island,  distant  about  a  kilo- 
meter from  Muscongus,  we  found  a  shell  heap  about  a  hundred  meters  in 
length,  on  land  owned  by  Professor  Todd  of  Amherst.  As  he  would  not 
occupy  his  cottage  until  the  20th  of  July,  we  were  unable  to  secure  permis- 
sion to  work  extensively  and  therefore  only  sunk  a  few  small  pits.  WTe  found 
broken  pottery,  a  few  small  pieces  of  bone,  and  one  scraper. 

After  completing  the  work  at  Waldoboro  we  moved  across  country 
to  Pemaquid  Lake  and  spent  some  time  in  investigating  the  shores  of  the 
pond,  where  Mr.  A.  L.  Phelps  had  discovered  a  Red  Paint  cemetery  many 
years  ago.  This  had  been  completely  excavated  and  we  could  find  no  re- 
maining graves,  but  we  did  find  a  small  village  site  two  hundred  meters  be- 
low the  cemetery,  on  low  land  nearer  the  shore  of  Pemaquid  Pond. 

After  some  time  spent  in  this  region  we  paddled  to  the  head  of  Damaris- 
cotta  Lake,  which  is  about  ten -kilometers  in  length.  There  some  arrow 
heads,  chips,  and  burnt  stone  were  found  on  certain  points  near  the  lake  or 
on  islands  but  no  village  site  could  be  located.  The  shores  of  Damariscotta 
River  were  carefully  cruised  but  nothing  of  interest  was  discovered.  WTe 
also  examined  the  large  shell  heaps  at  Damariscotta  but  did  no  digging,  for 
the  reason  that  Professor  Putnam  had  carried  on  extensive  excavations  there 
and  the  net  result  of  his  exploration  had  been  set  forth  in  the  Peabody  Mus- 
eum reports.* 

Why  there  should  be  so  little  of  significant  remains  in  accumulations 
more  extensive  than  are  found  at  any  other  place  north  of  Florida,  is  not 
evident.**  It  was  always  supposed  that  evidences  of  a  large  village  site 
would  be  found  near  the  Damariscotta  shell  heaps,  but  even  when  careful 

*Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam,  2nd  Annual  Report,  Peabody  Museum,  Harvard  Univ.,  pp.  1-19. 
**At  the  present  time,  after  much  of  it  has  been  carted  away,  the  largest  heap   at  Damariscotta  is 

still  nearly  nine  meters  in  height. 


THE   LAKE    CHAMPLAIN    SURVEY 

surface  searching  was  inaugurated,  we  could  find  no  fields  within  several 
kilometers  above  or  below  the  shell  heaps  or  even  back  toward  the  hills, 
where  there  had  been  an  Indian  encampment  of  any  considerable  size.  If 
the  Indians  camped  at  the  shell  heaps  they  left  practically  no  village-site 
debris.  This  is  remarkable  when  we  consider  the  size  of  the  heaps  and  that 
they  must  have  required  a  long  time  for  accumulating.  The  following  ex- 
planation, however,  suggests  itself.  At  the  present  writing,  the  oyster  beds 
opposite  these  heaps  are  not  extensive.  Old  residents  of  Damariscotta  vil- 
lage informed  me  that  there  were  more  oysters  in  earlier  times  but  the  beds 
were  never  large.  If  this  condition  existed  in  Indian  times,  fifty  or  sixty  men 
working  in  the  river  at  low  tide  for  two  or  three  days  would  greatly  reduce 
the  available  supply  of  oysters.  In  order  to  secure  another  supply  they 
might  wait  two  or  three  years  until  the  oysters  increased.  It  would  not  be 
necessary  for  such  a  number  of  Indians  to  stay  near  the  beds  longer  than 
two  or  three  days.  Then  they  would  return  to  their  villages.  The  nearest 
large  village  site  is  Pemaquid,  distant  some  twelve  or  fifteen  kilometers, 
and  there  are  also  other  villages  along  the  coast  short  distances  to  the 
westward.  It  seems  to  the  writer  that  Indians  might  journey  from  Pema- 
quid to  Damariscotta  in  a  few  hours,  open  shells,  secure  oysters  and  re- 
turn home  all  within  a  very  short  time. 

The  entire  Sheepscot  valley  and  arms  of  the  sea  in  the  vicinity  of  Wis- 
casset  were  examined  and  some  shell  heaps  were  found  and  mapped  but  no 
Red  Paint  People  burials  could  be  discovered. 

THE  LAKE  CHAMPLAIN  SURVEY  OF  1917 

At  the  meeting  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  held  in  Portland,  Maine,  in  August,  1873,  Professor  George  H.  Per- 
kins of  the  University  of  Vermont,  who  was  also  State  Geologist,  read  a 
paper  entitled  "An  Ancient  Burial  Ground  in  Swanton,  Vermont. "*  This 
paper  described  a  large  number  of  burials  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  the 
so-called  Red  Paint  culture.  Archaeologists  had  been  much  interested  in 
the  Maine  explorations  and  at  the  meetings  of  the  Anthropological  Asso- 
ciation and  elsewhere  the  writer  of  this  report  was  frequently  asked  whether 
the  Red  Paint  People  culture  of  Maine  could  be  correlated  with  that  of  any 
known  tribe  in  the  New  England  region.  In  order  to  get  some  light  on  this 
question  it  was  decided  to  explore  the  Lake  Champlain  region  and  particu- 
larly the  Swanton  site.  Accordingly,  in  June,  1917,  the  men  motored  from 
Bucksport,  Maine,  to  Burlington,  Vermont,  examining  various  sites  on  the 
way,  and  with  the  cooperation  of  Professor  Perkins,  who  was  with  us  several 


*This  and  other  papers  of  Professor  Perkins's  upon  the  archaeology  of  Lake  Champlain  and  Ver- 
mont will  l>e  found  in  the  American  Anthropologist,  n.s.  vol.  XI,  1909,  pp.  607-628;  vol.  XIII,  1911, 
pp.  239-249;  vol.  XIV,  1912,  pp.  72-80, 584;  and  in  the  Reports  of  the  State  Geologist  of  Vermont. 


THE    LAKE    CHAMP  LAIN    SURVEY  243 

weeks  during  the  summer,  some  three  months  were  spent  in  careful  search 
of  the  Lake  Champlain  territory.  (See  plan  XIX.) 

Professor  Perkins  and  our  party  first  visited  Colchester  Point,  about 
nine  kilometers  north  of  Burlington  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Champlain.  This 
is  a  long,  prominent  point  entirely  composed  of  sand.  Originally  there  was 
turf  and  a  heavy  growth  of  white  pine  upon  it.  Here  was  the  site  of  an  In- 
dian village  which  extended  about  five  hundred  meters.  The  quartz  and 
chips  are  extremely  thick  and  we  picked  up  four  or  five  different  varieties  of 
material  used  by  the  Indians.  The  ground  is  literally  covered  with  thous- 
ands of  small  and  large  flakes,  burnt  stone,  etc.  Pottery  is  not  common. 
Professor  Perkins  found  a  grooved,  decorated  stone,  six  or  seven  centimeters 
in  length.  It  is  shaped  like  a  plummet  and  made  of  steatite.  Mr.  Sugden 
found  twenty-five  spear  heads  and  arrow  heads  in  a  cache,  which  lay  in  a 
compact  space  about  ten  centimeters  in  diameter.  We  secured  fifty  speci- 
mens in  all.  They  cover  the  usual  Champlain  types  as  described  and  illus- 
trated in  Professor  Perkins's  published  papers. 

Afterwards  the  field  party  went  entirely  around  the  shores  of  Lake 
Champlain,  locating  and  mapping  village  sites.  Mr.  L.  B.  Truax  of  St. 
Albans,  who  had  witnessed  the  early  excavations  in  the  Swanton  graves 
about  fifty  years  before,  suggested  that  we  examine  the  Mississiquoi  River 
in  Swanton,  as  many  objects  had  been  found  along  the  bank.  Accordingly 
we  spent  several  days  cruising  in  a  motor  boat  up  and  down  the  river.  Near 
the  mouth  we  found  what  Mr.  Truax  thinks  are  three  levels  of  occupation  in 
the  banks.  They  may  be  large  camp  sites  which  were  overflowed,  as  the 
river  is  sometimes  over  its  banks.  The  banks  are  of  clay,  not  gravel.  Pro- 
fessor Perkins  was  not  certain  what  caused  these  strata.  The  lowest  layer, 
which  is  down  a  meter  below  the  surface,  furnished  the  rougher  objects. 
More  work  will  have  to  be  done  in  that  region. 

The  men  went  also  to  Highgate  Springs  and  worked  there  about  two 
days  observing  small  camp  sites,  and  after  the  examination  of  the  Mississi- 
quoi River  we  went  to  Isle  la  Motte  where  is  a  large  site  on  a  prominent 
sand  point  at  the  north  end.  Champlain  visited  this  place  and  the  Jesuits 
set  up  a  mission  there  in  early  days.  At  the  present  time  there  is  a  Catholic 
shrine  on  the  spot  and  we  could  not  secure  permission  to  excavate  until  the 
writer  had  interviewed  Bishop  Rice,  who  is  in  charge  of  the  Burlington 
diocese.  He  permitted  us  to  dig  up  to  within  ten  meters  of  the  shrine  itself. 
In  the  sand,  at  a  depth  ranging  from  ten  centimeters  to  one  meter,  much 
broken  pottery  was  discovered  from  which  we  maybe  able  partially  to  restore 
some  vessels.  While  the  pottery  in  the  upper  layers  appeared  to  be  later 
but  not  Iroquoian  in  character,  the  lower  layers  contained  fragments  of  ves- 
sels of  the  pointed  base  type,  the  archaic  Algonkian  form.  The  amount  of 
debris  left  by  the  Indians  at  this  place  would  suggest  that,  with  the  possible 
exception  of  Colchester  Point,  the  Isle  la  Motte  shrine  marks  the  largest 


OUTLINE 
PlSC  ATA  D  U  IS 


THE    LAKE    CHAMPLAIN    SURVEY  245 

Indian  site  upon  Lake  Champlain.  It  is  natural  that  Champlain  and  the 
Fathers,  when  voyaging  on  Lake  Champlain,  would  stop  at  the  largest  vil- 
lage and  there  set  up  the  mission. 

At  various  points  along  the  Mississiquoi  river  and  upon  Big  and  Little 
Otter  Creeks  are  camp  sites,  and  three  large  ash  pits  containing  unio  shells 
were  found.  At  the  outlet  of  Lake  Champlain  there  are  other  sites,  and  a 
number  of  collections  were  observed  and  studied  at  Rouses  Point.  The  re- 
gion between  Rouses  Point  and  the  St.  Lawrence  river  was  not  examined. 
Although  we  had  letters  from  the  Canadian  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs, 
Mr.  Scott,  and  also  from  Professor  Smith,  Curator  of  the  Ottawa  Museum, 
it  was  thought  inadvisable  to  take  a  party  of  strangers  down  the  river,  as 
Canada  was  at  this  time  engaged  in  the  World  War  and  the  border  was 
heavily  patrolled.  The  Canadian  authorities  will  probably  explore  the  re- 
gion between  the  foot  of  Lake  Champlain  and  the  St.  Lawrence  at  some  fu- 
ture time. 

Having  examined  the  Lake  Champlain  sector  to  some  extent  and  en- 
tered the  sites  upon  plan  XX,  we  concentrated  on  the  Swanton  sector.  Pro- 
fessor Perkins  and  Mr.  Truax  were  with  us  the  entire  time  we  were  there. 
About  three  kilometers  north  of  the  village  of  Swanton  is  a  long,  high  ridge 
composed  of  fine  sand.  Here,  about  1865  or  1866,  when  local  people  began 
cutting  the  heavy  growth  of  first-growth  white  pine,  the  Swanton  cemetery 
was  discovered  by  accident,  there  being  nothing  on  the  surface  to  indicate 
the  presence  of  graves.  Professor  Perkins's  report  and  further  conversation 
with  Mr.  Truax  and  Mr.  John  W.  Brough,  who  were  both  present  when  the 
first  graves  were  opened  and  from  whom  Professor  Perkins  had  heard  of  the 
site,  led  us  to  believe  that  at  least  twenty-five  and  possibly  thirty-five 
graves  were  discovered.  They  ranged  about  a  meter  below  the  surface. 
After  the  pines  were  removed,  as  Lake  Champlain  is  subject  to  heavy  winds, 
the  sand  began  to  blow  and  dunes  were  formed.  Indeed  it  was  due  to  the 
wind  action  that  the  first  graves  were  discovered;  then  digging  was  resorted 
to  by  local  collectors.  In  some  instances  the  sand  was  entirely  blown  away 
and  the  graves  uncovered  by  the  wind.  As  it  has  been  impossible  to  find  an- 
other cemetery  in  the  region  and  no  more  graves  could  be  discovered  in 
this  one,  although  we  dug  several  hundred  pits,  and  further  in  view  of  the 
importance  to  New  England  archaeology  of  the  Swanton  finds,  it  is  well  to 
reprint  here  a  portion  of  Professor  Perkins's  report.  Certain  changes  have 
been  made  with  the  author's  consent  and  therefore  quotation  marks  are 
omitted. 

The  sand  in  which  the  Indians  dug  graves  is  of  very  light  color  but  that 
immediately  around  and  beneath  the  body  was  with  two  exceptions  col- 
ored a  dark  red  or  reddish  brown;  in  the  exceptional  cases  it  was  black. 
This  red  sand  was  from  ten  to  fifteen  centimeters  thick  and  the  color  was 
undoubtedly  due  to  the  presence  of  red  iron  oxide  or  red  hematite,  small 


THE   LAKE    CHAMPLAIN   SURVEY  247 

pieces  of  a  compact,  deep-red  variety  of  that  mineral  having  been  found  in 
several  of  the  graves.  These  bits  of  ore  might  color  water  if  powdered,  but 
they  were  not  soft  enough  to  have  caused  discoloration  of  the  sand  by  stain- 
ing such  water  as  might  have  trickled  through  it.  Thus  the  oxide  must  have 
been  powdered  and  mixed  with  water  or  perhaps  with  the  blood  of  some  ani- 
mal, and  poured  into  the  graves  as  a  part  of  the  funeral  rites.  As  nearly  all 
of  the  objects  taken  from  the  graves  are  stained,  as  well  as  the  sand,  it  is 
probable  that  the  coloring  material  was  poured  over  the  body  and  objects 
after  they  were  placed  in  the  grave.  The  black  color  in  the  graves  was  prob- 
ably due  to  decomposition  of  organic  matter,  no  coloring  liquid  having  been 
poured  into  those  graves. 

The  skeletons  in  these  graves  were  much  decomposed,  only  two  bones,  a 
femur  and  a  radius,  being  entire,  with  several  others  nearly  whole.  From 
one  grave  was  taken  nearly  half  of  a  skull,  but  most  of  the  bones  crumbled 
more  or  less  on  exposure  to  the  air. 

Of  the  objects  themselves,  a  number  of  smooth,  water-worn  pebbles  of 
white  quartz  weighing  about  a  pound  each,  were  found.  They  averaged 
about  ten  centimeters  in  length,  seven  in  width,  and  two  and  a  half  in  thick- 
ness. In  one  grave  was  a  piece  of  black  shale  resembling  the  Lorraine  shales 
of  New  York,  about  fifteen  centimeters  long.  This  was  not  worked.  In 
another  was  a  large  piece  of  dark  red  Potsdam  sandstone,  which  occurs  in 
formation  near  Highgate.  This  was  rudely  squared  and  smoothed. 

Eight  or  ten  copper  implements  were  found,  several  of  the  larger  ones 
being  chisel-shaped,  long  and  slender.  The  surface  was  slightly  convex  and 
the  corners  beveled.  There  was  a  groove  running  along  the  sides  of  each 
copper  tool.  Some  of  these  tools  are  quite  sharp  and  all  of  them  are  of  the 
native  copper  from  Lake  Superior. 

Fragments  of  wood  occurred  and  numbers  of  shell  beads  and  one  or  two 
entire  specimens  of  the  small  marginella  conoidalis,  common  on  the  Florida 
coast,  were  found.  These  shells  were  drilled  longitudinally  through  the 
spiral.  There  were  about  fifty  small  shell  ornaments  cut  from  the  col- 
umellae  of  large  shells,  from  four  to  seven  centimeters  in  length.  Most  of 
these  were  perforated.  Several  stone  ornaments,  a  bird  stone,  and  a  bicave 
or  discoidal,  are  shown  in  fig.  120.  It  is  unusual  to  find  a  bicave  or  discoidal 
stone  in  a  grave.  Some  of  the  problematic  forms  of  dark  veined  slate  are  of 
the  well-known  perforated  type,  rectangular  with  one  surface  flat,  the  other 
convex. 

The  most  interesting  of  the  objects  from  the  graves  were  the  masses  of 
iron  or  iron  nodules  and  the  stone  tubes.  About  a  dozen  of  these  tubes, 
similar  to  those  shown  in  figs.  118  and  119  were  taken  out  of  the  graves.* 

*  The  tube  shown  in  fig.  1 18,  now  in  the  Andover  collection,  is  23  J^  <"m.  long,  2(5  mm.  wide  at  the  open 
end,  24  mm.  wide  at  the  mouth  piece,  and  about  So  mm.  wide  in  the  center. 


248  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

Three  or  four  of  these  are  in  the  State  of  Vermont  and  University  of  Ver- 
mont collections;  Mr.  Truax  possesses  one;  Phillips  Academy  secured  the  one 
which  Mr.  Brough  had  kept  in  his  possession  for  more  than  forty  years;  one 
is  in  the  Smithsonian  Institution  collection,  another  in  a  museum  at  Paris, 
one  probably  in  the  Museum  of  the  American  Indian,  New  York,  and  the 
others  are  scattered.  They  are  much  larger  than  the  two  tubes  found  by 
Phillips  Academy  surveys  at  Mason's  Cemetery,  Lake  Alamoosook,  both 
of  which  are  shown  in  fig.  28  of  this  report. 

Professor  Perkins's  comments  may  be  condensed  as  follows : 

All  tubes  showed  great  care  in  manufacture.  Materials  differ,  some 
hard,  others  quite  soft.  The  hardest  can  be  scratched  by  a  knife  and  all 
appear  to  be  made  of  a  kind  of  argillaceous  sandstone,  sand  predominating 
in  harder  and  clay  in  softer  tubes.  The  surface  is  very  smooth  in  most,  and 
shows  few  marks  of  the  tools  by  which  they  were  wrought. 

One  tube  is  especially  interesting  because  on  it  are  the  only  markings 
found  on  any  object  taken  from  the  graves.  They  are  near  one  end  of  the 
tube  and  consist  of  an  outline  drawing  of  some  bird,  with  three  characters 
below  it.  The  objects  are  engraved  or  scratched  on  tube,  scratches  some- 
what irregular  and  neither  wide  nor  deep,  some  very  fine.  The  bird  re- 
sembles a  fish-hawk,  2.5  cm.  long  and  1.5  cm.  broad  across  wings.  The  three 
characters  below  the  bird  are  made  up  of  straight  lines  and  dots,  about  5 
mm.  high  and  a  little  less  in  width.  The  color  of  the  tubes  is  light  drab 
except  where  stained  by  iron  oxide. 

They  are  not  uniform  in  size  throughout  the  length,  but  largest  at  one 
end,  and  often  both  ends  are  larger  than  the  middle.  Three  somewhat  di- 
verse forms  are  found.  One  is  contracted  near  one  end  and  enlarges  very 
gradually  until  near  the  opposite  end,  when  it  again  contracts,  the  shape  be- 
ing similar  to  an  ordinary  ball  club.  Another  form  has  greatest  diameter  at 
one  end,  from  which  the  tube  contracts,  first  rapidly  but  soon  gradually  to 
the  other  end.  Another  has  a  raised  rim  at  the  mouthpiece  and  is  then  slight- 
ly contracted,  with  the  body  of  even  size.  The  tubes  vary  from  12  to  25 
cm.  in  length.  Tubes  of  the  first  form  described  are  largest,  those  of  the 
second  smallest.  Both  ends  of  the  tubes  are  cut  off  squarely.  All  are  per- 
forated in  the  same  manner,  the  hole  running  directly  from  end  to  end, 
being  about  twice  as  large  at  one  end  as  at  the  other.  In  the  largest  tube 
found  the  bore  is  2.25  cm.  in  diameter  at  one  end  and  1  cm.  at  the  other. 
The  larger  end  of  the  bore  seems  to  have  been  scraped  out  (after  the  main 
portion  of  the  hole  was  made),  by  some  thin-edged  instrument.  Through 
most  of  the  length  of  the  tube  the  walls  are  thicker  than  at  the  ends.  In 
some  tubes  the  small  perforation  from  the  mouthpiece  inward  does  not 
strike  the  center  but  is  to  one  side.  In  nearly  every  tube  a  stone  plug  was 
found,  fitted  to  the  smaller  orifice,  but  not  well  made.  In  Fig.  118  is  in- 


PLANZHH 


OUTLINE     MAP 
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DRAWN      BY 

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250  MAINE   ARCHAEOLOGY 

eluded    a  stone  plug  which  was  found  in  the  tube  we  secured  from  Mr. 
Brough. 

The  presence  of  these  tubes  in  the  graves  at  Swanton  marks  a  departure 
from  the  Red  Paint  People  culture.  Similar  stone  tubes  are  on  exhibition  in 
the  large  collection  in  the  Morgan  Memorial  Museum  at  Hartford.  They 
have%been  found  in  graves  in  Connecticut,  and  this  emphasizes  the  impor- 
tance of  the  Connecticut  work  recently  projected  and  to  be  carried  out  in 
coming  years.  Until  a  number  of  cemeteries  in  that  State  are  opened  it  may 
be  premature  to  draw  conclusions;  however,  we  will  state  that  the  associa- 
tion in  Vermont  graves  of  Lake  Superior  prehistoric  copper  and  early 
problematical  forms  with  these  tubes  and  iron  nodules,  and  the  presence  of 
similar  tubes  from  Indian  sites  in  Connecticut  Museums,  brings  before  us  one 
of  the  most  interesting  and  important  problems  in  New  England  archaeol- 
ogy. The  Swanton  graves  do  not  appear  to  be  what  is  known  as  late  Algon- 
kian.  They  are  certainly  not  late  Iroquoian  at  all.  They  are  not  of  the  Red 
Paint  People  culture,  for  there  are  no  gouges,  adze  blades,  long  slate  spears  or 
plummet  effigies;  but  they  represent  American  stone-age  art  of  high  type 
and  may  indicate  a  very  early  culture.  Certainly  they  present  forms  well 
worth  careful  study  and  consideration. 

Professor  Perkins  has  suggested  that  the  tubes  are  similar  to  sev- 
eral found  in  the  mounds  of  the  Scioto  Valley,  Ohio,  but  tubes  there  are  very 
rare,  and  while  Squier  and  Davis  found  one  or  two,  the  writer  found  none  in 
the  great  Hopewell  group  and  he  is  not  aware  that  Professor  Mills  has  discov- 
ered any  in  the  fifteen  or  more  large  mound-builder  sites  explored  by  him  in 
the  past  twenty  years.  Furthermore,  the  few  tubes  found  in  the  Ohio 
mounds,  while  associated  with  some  copper,  are  not  accompanied  by  such 
other  objects  as  were  found  in  the  Swanton  graves.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that 
a  cemetery  of  the  importance  of  Swanton  can  not  be  found  by  modern  in- 
vestigators and  properly  hand-trowelled  out.  Let  us  hope  that  we  may  be 
able  by  diligent  research  to  discover  an  undisturbed  burying  ground  of  simi- 
lar character  elsewhere  in  New  England. 

Finally,  Professor  Perkins  appears  to  be  correct  in  his  contention  that 
the  Lake  Champlain  Valley  was  considered  both  by  the  Algonkins  and 
Iroquois  as  "the  enemy's  country".  After  the  formation  of  the  Iroquois 
League  about  1570,  the  villages  of  the  Algonkin  on  Lake  Champlain  appear 
to  have  been  raided,  and  in  early  historic  times  and  shortly  after  Champlain's 
visit  to  Isle  la  Motte  the  Indians  did  not  live  in  any  numbers  on  the  lake 
shores  but  moved  back  on  tributary  streams.  It  would  appear  therefore 
that  the  village  near  Swanton  was  not  inhabited  at  the  time  of  Champlain's 
visit.  How  much  earlier  the  cemetery  is,  it  is  impossible  to  state,  but  we  are 
of  the  opinion  that  its  antiquity  is  considerable. 


-c 
'S. 
2 


PART   V. 
CONCLUDING  REMARKS 

These  eight  seasons  spent  in  the  Maine  field  and  in  extended  study  of 
material  secured  from  the  graves,  shell  heaps,  and  village  sites,  afford  suffi- 
cient data  for  some  general  observations.  The  author  of  this  report  has 
visited  all  the  museums  in  which  Maine  artifacts  are  exhibited,  and  includes 
in  his  summary,  reports  of  other  persons  together  with  their  collections.  As 
one  result  of  all  our  labors  in  the  State  of  Maine,  about  twenty  thousand  ob- 
jects* have  been  taken  from  various  sites.  Nearly  four  thousand  of  these  we 
have  placed  in  museums  in  Maine. 

The  first  question  which  arises  in  the  minds  of  many  students  is  with 
reference  to  the  total  Indian  population  in  Maine  about  the  year  1600.  It 
is  impossible  to  give  even  an  approximate  estimate  in  figures,  but  in  view  of 
the  large  accumulation  of  village-site  material  along  the  coast,  the  writer  is 
of  the  opinion  that  the  present  tendency  to  minimize  Indian  population  in 
New  England  is  not  correct. 

We  might  secure  light  on  the  problem  by  means  of  a  simple  comparison. 
The  village  of  the  Norridgewocks,  where  Father  Rasles  met  his  heroic  death 
contained  a  good  many  Indians  who  had  probably  been  there  for  some  time, 
yet  when  one  inspects  the  surface  of  this  site,  very  few  implements,  chips  of 
flint,  broken  pottery,  or  other  artifacts  are  to  be  found,  in  comparison  with 
other  sites  which  were  unknown  to  either  the  earlier  voyager  or  later  ob- 
servers. Pemaquid  also  is  frequently  mentioned  in  the  early  narratives  as 
containing  a  considerable  Indian  population,  yet  little  is  found  at  Pemaquid 
compared  with  Mattawamkeag,  and  the  objects  of  bone,  stone,  shell,  or  clay 
are  far  less  in  number  than  those  discovered  about  the  shores  of  Sebec  Lake 
or  even  at  Moosehead.  Castine  was  a  rendezvous  of  the  Indians  at  the  time 
of  the  earliest  French  exploration,  and  Indians  remained  in  the  vicinity  of 
Castine  as  late  as  1750  or  1760,  yet  an  exploration  of  a  dozen  shell  heaps 
within  a  radius  of  about  eleven  kilometers  from  Castine  and  of  seven  shell 
heaps  within  three  kilometers  of  Count  Castine's  fort,  reveals  very  few  ob- 
jects of  European  manufacture,  and  these  are  found  in  the  upper  layers  of 
the  heap.  There  were  many  traders  and  travelers,  both  French  and  Eng- 
lish, coming  to  the  settlement  and  bartering  with  the  Indians;  at  one  time 
more  than  four  hundred  Indian  warriors  assembled  to  join  the  white  inhabi- 
tants in  an  attack  on  the  New  England  settlements ;  yet  notwithstanding  a 
long  period  of  occupancy  by  the  Indians,  traces  of  contact  with  Europeans 
are  very  slight  about  Castine.  This  is  not  mere  opinion  but  the  result  of  ex- 


*  Three  thousand  of  these  were  in  the  Marks  collection,  which  we  purchased. 


PLAN  T7X 

SITES  ABOUT  LMCECHAMPLAIN 


254  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

tended  and  careful  exploration  of  many  sites,  not  only  upon  the  coast  but 
extending  up  the  rivers  far  into  the  interior. 

All  this  seems  to  the  writer  to  be  significant.  If  we  find  so  little  ma- 
terial indicating  contact  with  Europeans  on  sites  which  are  frequently  men- 
tioned in  our  historical  narratives,  and  if  we  further  know  that  there  were 
large  numbers  of  Indians  assembled  at  these  places  and  that  the  contact  be- 
tween the  whites  and  the  Indians  covered  a  period  of  time  not  less  than  150 
years,  we  are  justified  in  drawing  the  conclusion  that  the  other  Indian  sites  on 
which  so  much  material  has  been  found  must  have  been  occupied  for  a 
very  considerable  length  of  time  by  a  large  number  of  Indians,  and  that  for 
the  most  part  such  sites  are  prehistoric. 

Small  pox  and  other  epidemics  are  known  to  have  carried  off  several 
thousand  New  England  Indians  in  the  sixteenth  and  early  seventeenth  cen- 
turies. Probably  natives  in  Maine  were  affected  as  well  as  others.  Be  that 
as  it  may,  it  would  seem  within  the  bounds  of  reason  to  conclude  that  sev- 
eral thousand  Indians  were  living  along  the  Maine  coast  and  in  the  interior 
about  the  year  1600. 

The  reasons  that  so  many  large  villages  were  found  along  the  coast  are 
not  far  to  seek.  Here  the  inhabitants  were  assured  of  a  continuous  supply  of 
fish,  seals,  ducks,  clams,  and  other  food  easily  obtained  from  the  sea  and 
adjacent  lands.  They  could  make  excursions  of  various  durations  into  the 
interior  and  procure  beaver,  deer,  bear,  otter,  moose,  caribou,  muskrats,  and 
other  game.  In  case  the  hunters  of  large  villages  exhausted  the  deer,  moose, 
beaver,  and  other  game  of  one  part  of  the  country,  parties  could  be  made  up 
and  distant  points  in  the  interior  visited.  On  such  trips  they  would  hunt  for 
a  certain  period,  then  construct  birch  bark  canoes  and  bring  the  skins  and 
smoked  meat  back  to  the  villages.  They  preferred  to  do  this  because  if  the 
largest  villages  were  located  in  the  interior,  scarcity  of  game  would  certainly 
cause  the  inhabitants  of  the  villages  to  suffer.  On  fresh  water  ponds  it  is 
difficult  to  secure  fish  in  quantities  through  the  ice,  and  should  the  beaver  in 
a  certain  area  become  scarce  and  the  deer  and  moose  migrate  as  these  ani- 
mals often  do,  suffering  would  result  in  winter.  On  the  sea-shore  on  the 
contrary,  they  might  be  restricted  for  a  considerable  length  of  time  to  sea 
food,  but  they  were  always  certain  of  the  means  of  supporting  life.  The 
large  village  at  Bangor  was  sufficiently  near  the  coast  to  share  this 
advantage. 

Chesuncook  and  Meductic,  Sebec  and  Moosehead,  are  exceptions,  being 
far  inland,  yet  here  the  aborigines  were  in  the  heart  of  a  great  game  and  fish 
country  and  it  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  in  ancient  times  there  was  any  great 
amount  of  suffering.  From  Meductic  the  Indian  could  reach  tide  water  on 
the  lower  St.  John  in  about  four  days'  travel.  The  inhabitants  of  Chesun- 
cook could  canoe  to  Castine  in  six  days,  and  Sebec  Lake  is  within  four  days' 
easy  journey  of  Castine.  From  the  upper  St.  John  and  the  upper  Aroostook 


Tul>C    from    S  w«ntbn   Craves 


Plug 


FIG.  118.     Tube  and  plug  from  Swanton  grave.    Below  to  left,  the  opening  at  mouth;  to  right,  the 

open  end.  P.  253.    S.  1-2. 


FIG.  119.     A  Swanton  tube  in  the  Smithsonian  collection.    S.  1-2. 


256  MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 

it  would  not  however  be  possible  to  reach  the  ocean  in  less  than  eight  or 
ten  days'  travel.  Probably  many  of  the  Indians  from  Chesuncook  and  Me- 
ductic,  as  well  as  other  interior  sites,  came  down  the  river  late  in  the  fall  and 
spent  the  winter  near  the  coast. 

I  have  referred  to  the  ease  of  travel  by  water  in  the  State  of  Maine. 
Although  our  expeditions  covered  great  distances  by  canoe,  yet  when  one 
inspects  all  the  routes  that  could  be  taken  by  water,  it  is  seen  that  we  have 
traversed  less  than  ten  percent  of  the  canoe  mileage  of  that  State.  That 
Indians  penetrated  to  every  corner  accessible  by  canoe,  is  not  to  be  doubted. 
Probably  they  travelled  on  foot  with  light  packs  to  the  heads  of  rivers  or 
lakes,  constructed  their  birch  bark  crafts  there  and  then  made  their  way 
down.  In  travelling  down  stream  the  distance  one  may  journey  in  a  day 
depends  on  the  water  and  the  hours  of  labor.  For  Indians  to  force  their 
canoes  fifty  kilometers  in  one  day  would  not  be  excessive.  We  have  equalled 
that  when  we  have  not  had  head  winds  to  fight.  At  the  proper  stage  of 
water  it  would  be  possible  to  journey  from  Moosehead  Lake  to  Castine  in 
one  week,  provided  no  stops  were  made  for  hunting  or  fishing. 

Notwithstanding  very  careful  work,  none  of  our  expeditions  were  able 
positively  to  identify  a  village  site  of  the  Red  Paint  People.  Mr.  Smith  was 
more  fortunate,  as  has  been  observed.  (See  pages  134-143). 

No  uniformity  is  to  be  observed  in  the  relation  of  shell  heaps  to  Red 
Paint  cemeteries.  On  Mr.  HaskelPs  estate,  Blue  Hill,  where  there  was  a 
large  cemetery,  there  is  no  shell  heap  of  great  extent  near.  The  reverse  is 
true  at  Sullivan  Falls,  where  there  are  large  heaps  within  a  few  kilometers 
of  the  cemetery.  From  Boynton's  shell-heap  site  to  the  cemetery  at  Ells- 
worth is  about  twelve  kilometers.  The  nearest  large  heaps  to  Lake  Alamoo- 
sook  are  those  of  Castine,  probably  twenty  kilometers  south. 

Although  Alamoosook  is  considered  the  center  of  the  Red  Paint  People 
culture  because  of  the  grouping  of  cemeteries  about  it,  no  really  large  village 
site  was  identified  there,  the  numerous  specimens  that  have  been  found  about 
the  outlet  being  chiefly  Algonkian  forms.  It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  the 
Red  Paint  People  would  use  a  different  class  of  materials  where  their  habi- 
tations were  located,  from  those  placed  in  the  graves. 

Professor  Mills  of  the  Ohio  Museum  was  able  to  solve  many  of  the  prob- 
lems concerning  the  Mound  Builder  culture  of  that  State  by  twenty  years' 
intensive  work  in  a  small  area.  In  the  State  of  Maine  also  it  is  probable  that 
should  the  state  authorities,  as  has  been  suggested,  continue  a  survey  in  the 
field  from  May  to  October  during  the  next  twenty  years,  all  these  various 
questions  could  be  satisfactorily  answered.  Labors  in  the  Ohio  field  are,  to 
be  sure,  much  easier  than  in  Maine;  the  mounds  are  prominent  landmarks, 
the  country  is  all  cultivated,  and  there  is  no  unbroken  forest.  These  factors 
should  be  taken  into  account  by  the  critical  reader  of  our  report  on  explora- 
tions. 


D  E 

Fio.  120.  Specimens  from  University  of  Vermont  collections.  Found  in  the  Champlain  region. 
S.  2-3.  A.  Champlain  Valley.  B.  Hubbardton,  Vt.  C.  From  a  grave  at  Swanton.  D.  From  a  grave 
at  Swanton.  E.  From  Champlain  Valley. 


PLAN 


OUTLINE       MAP 

0   F 

SAGAOAHOC       COUNTY 
MAINE 

D    R  A  W  N    BY 

E:    0    SU60EN 
19  19 


TUNE     MAP 

0  r 
LINCOLN      COUNTY 

MAINE 
D   R  A  W  N    B  V 

C.O.SU   GO   E   N 
19  19 


CONCLUDING    RE  MARKS  259 

It  is  unnecessary  to  recapitulate  our  evidence  as  to  the  lack  of  known 
Algonkian  forms  in  the  Red  Paint  graves  or  the  total  absence  of  Red  Paint 
People  types  in  the  shell  heaps.  Figs.  122  and  123  are  of  well  known  Algon- 
kian types,  found  on  the  surface  in  Maine.  Readers  are  requested  to 
carefully  compare  these  with  the  grave  finds. 

The  practical  field  archaeologist,  if  at  all  familiar  with  New  England 
cultures,  will  concur  in  the  suggestion  that  there  was  a  very  early  culture  oc- 
cupying an  area  in  central  and  southern  Maine,  which  was  separate  and  dis- 
tinct from  other  and  probably  later  cultures.  Whether  this  subsequently  be- 
came Algonkian  is  to  be  doubted,  and  we  have  already  stated  that  it  is  un- 
like any  other  culture,  save  possibly  that  of  the  Eskimo.  To  a  certain  ex- 
tent the  Swanton  graves  in  Vermont  indicate  another  very  early  culture 
similar  to  one  which  we  shall  probably  find  in  Connecticut.  Thus  in  Con- 
necticut as  well  as  near  Lake  Champlain,  there  may  be  a  tribe,  if  not  a  cul- 
ture, preceding  the  southern  and  northern  New  England  Indians  as  we  have 
known  them  in  the  last  three  centuries.  The  proposed  archaeological  survey 
of  the  rest  of  New  England 'willprobably  determine  just  how  many  cultures 
obtained  in  the  area  outside  of  Maine. 

We  know  that  certain  well  known  tribes,  such  as  the  Podunk,  Pequot, 
and  Narragansett,  had  large  villages  and  cemeteries  of  considerable  extent. 
When  these  are  carefully  investigated  we  shall  undoubtedly  have  assembled 
for  the  inspection  of  students  a  large  fund  of  information.  It  may  be  pos- 
sible then  to  determine  whether  there  were  marked  local  or  tribal  dif- 
ferences between  the  art-forms  used  by  these  several  divisions  of  Algonkian 
stock.  Other  cemeteries  indicating  the  presence  of  a  culture  not  Podunk 
or  Pequot,  or  Narragansett  may  possibly  be  found.  The  presence  in  Con- 
necticut museums  of  a  few  tubes  identical  with  those  from  Swanton  neces- 
sitates careful  search  for  cemeteries  of  all  kinds,  regardless  of  whether  they 
relate  to  the  historic  or  the  prehistoric  period.  The  problem  of  the  origin  of 
the  Pequot,  Podunk  and  Narragansett  tribes  is  thus  before  us  and  should 
have  our  earnest  consideration,  since  it  may  have  a  direct  bearing  upon  our 
Maine  cultures.  It  seems  that  we  are  dependent  upon  archaeology  and  above 
all  on  the  tabulation  and  study  of  art-forms  from  the  graves,  if  we  are  to 
form  conclusions  as  to  the  origin  and  development  of  the  several  cul- 
tures or  tribes  in  that  interesting  section  of  our  country  which  lies  east  of 
the  Hudson  river. 

Finally,  the  author  of  this  report  considers  the  Red  Paint  People  to  be 
separate  and  distinct  from  other  tribes  of  the  New  England  region.  Their 
culture  is  peculiar  and  cannot  be  correlated  with  any  known  tribe  either  his- 
toric or  prehistoric. 


FIG.  121.  A  peculiar  problematical  form  found  in  Hoi  way's  cemetery,  Orland  about  18  years  ago. 
Owned  by  Mr.  Sugden  for  some  years.  Present  location  unknown.  Drawn  from  memory  by  Mr.  Sugden. 
Full  size.  Material,  banded  slate. 


FIG.  122.     Types  of  Algonkian  axes  from  Maine — for  comparison  with  Red  Paint  People  types 

in  cutting  tools.    S.  1-5. 


PLAN  XXI 


OUTLINE      MAP 
Or 

KNOX      COUNTY.  MAIN 

0  BA  WN    B  > 

C  0   5  OOOE  N 

1919 


FIG.  123      Types  of  grooved  cutting  tools  from  Maine;  for  comparison  with 
Red  Paint  People  types.     S.  about  1-3.  ' 


ROSTER  OF  MEN  WHO  SERVED  ON  THE  SEVERAL 

EXPEDITIONS 

W.  K.  MOOREHEAD,  ANDOVER,  MASS.,  DIRECTOR  OF  ALL  THE  SURVEYS 


1912 


FRANCIS  B.  MANNING,  Harvard  University.  In 
charge  of  field  notes  and  specimens. 

ARTHUR  E.  MARKS,  Yarmouth,  Maine.  Assistant. 

CHARLES  A.  PERKINS,  Wakefield,  Mass.  Photog- 
rapher. 

JOHN  MARTINEZ,  New  Mexico. 

LUDWIG  K.  MOOREHEAD,  Andover,  Mass. 

ELBERT  PORTER.  New  York. 

PHILLIPS  BRADLEY,  Harvard  University. 


SAM  PARKS,  Mattawamkeag,  Maine.   Riverman. 
FRANK  HAGAR,  Moosehead,  Maine.     Guide. 
ALBERT  STAPLES,  Orland,  Maine.     Cook. 
CHARLES  HUTCHINGS,  Orland,  Maine. 
RALPH  LORD,  Bucksport,  Maine. 
C.  VALENTINE  SOPER,  Orland,  Maine. 
DONALD  F.  ELDRIDGE,  Orland,  Maine. 
WILLIAM  HUTCHINGS,  JR.,  Orland,  Maine. 
WILLIAM  HUTCHINGS,  SR.,  Orland,  Maine. 


1913 


F.  B.  MANNING.     Assistant. 

E.  O.  SUGDEN,  Orland,  Maine.     Surveyor. 

CAPT.  I.  L.  CRABTREE,   Maine.     In  charge  of 

navigation. 
CHARLES  HUTCHINGS. 
HERBERT  YOUNG,  Connecticut. 


RALPH  LORD. 

J.  MARTINEZ,  New  Mexico. 

L.  K.  MOOREHEAD. 

ROBERT  R.  BISHOP,  Mass. 

ELIJAH     GRANT,  Maine. 

W.  W.  TAYLOR,  Mass. 

C.  VALENTINE  SOPER,  Maine. 


1914 


F.  B.  MANNING.     Assistant. 

E.  O.  SUGDEN.    Surveyor. 

SAM  PARKS.     Riverman. 

L.  K.  MOOHEHEAD.     Photographer. 

ELI  BADGER,  Maine.     Guide. 

JAMES  RIDEOUT,  Maine.     Cook. 


E.  O.  SUGDEN.     Assistant. 
W.  W.  TAYLOR.     Chauffeur. 
W.  HUTCHINGS,  SR. 
RALPH  LORD, 


RALPH  LORD.     Guide. 

DONALD  APPLETON,  Mass. 

FRED  LUND,  Mass. 

S.  P.  MOOREHEAD. 

J.  MARTINEZ. 

R.  BISHOP. 

D.  K.  WRIGHT. 


1915 


S.  P.  MOOREHEAD. 

WARREN  TAYLOR,  Ohio. 

EDWARD  SELDEN. 

FRANK  COWAN.     Cook. 

WALTER  B.  SMITH.    Geologist  (a  few  weeks). 


E.  O.  SUGDEN.     Assistant. 
RALPH  LORD.    Guide. 
S.  P.  MOOREHEAD. 


E.  O.  SUODEN.     Assistant. 
RALPH  DORR.     Cook. 
MARSHALL  ALLABEN.  New  York. 


1917  (Lake  Champlain) 

PROF.  GEORGE  H.  PERKINS.    Geologist  (a  few 

weeks). 
W.  HUTCHINGS,  SR. 


1918 


WALTER  B.  SMITH,  Maine.      Geologist   (a  few 
weeks). 


264  ROSTER    OF    MEN 

1919  (Connecticut  Valley) 

E.  O.  STJGDEN.     Assistant.  NORWOOD  ELDRIDGE,  Maine. 

W.  HUTCHINGS,  SR.  JAMES  BREWSTER,  Mass. 

RALPH  DORR.     Cook.  FRED  STOTT.     (A  few  weeks). 

DR.  C.  M.  FUESS.     (A  few  weeks). 

At  Waterville 

GEORGE  VALLJANT,  Mass.  S.  P.  MOOREHEAD. 

W.  W.  TAYLOR.     Chauffeur. 

1920 

E.  O.  SUGDEN.     Assistant.  FRANK  DORR. 

RALPH  DORR.     Guide.  WM.  W.  TAYLOR.     Chauffeur. 

NORWOOD  ELDRIDGE.  MILTON  TAYLOR. 

S.  P.  MOOREHEAD.  W.  B.  SMITH.     (A  few  weeks) 


OF  THE 

ARCHAEOLOGY  AND  ETHNOLOGY  OF  MAINE 

ABBOTT,  C.  C.     Primitive  industry.    Salem,  Mass.,  1881. 

ALOER,  A.  L.  A  collection  of  words  and  phrases  taken  from  the  Passamaquoddy  tongue.  (Proceedings 
of  the  American  philosophical  society,  v.xxn,  p.  240-255,  1885) 

ALGER,  A.  L.  The  creation.  A  Penobscot  Indian  myth  told  by  one  of  the  tribe  to  Abby  L.  Alger.  (Pop- 
ular science  monthly,  v.  XLIV,  p.  195-196,  1893) 

ALLEN,  G.  M.  Dogs  of  the  American  aborigines.  (Bulletin  of  the  Museum  of  comparative  zoology. 
Harvard  college,  v.  LXIII,  p.  458-469,  1920) 

BAIRD,  S.  F.  Notes  on  some  aboriginal  shell  mounds  on  the  coast  of  New  Brunswick  and  of  New  Eng- 
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BATES,  O.  &  WIXLOCK,  H.  E.  Archaeological  material  from  the  Maine  littoral  with  especial  reference  to 
the  Bates  collection.  2v.,  n.d.  (Typewritten  thesis  for  Anthropology  20,  Harvard  university) 

BAXTER,  J.  P.  The  Abnakis  and  their  ethnic  relations  (Collections  and  proceedings  of  the  Maine  his- 
torical society,  ser.  2,  v.  in,  p.  13-40,  1892) 

BERRY,  G.  S.  The  great  shell  mounds  of  Damariscotta.  (New  England  magazine,  n.  s.,  v.  xix, 
p.  178-188,  1898-99) 

BRINTON,  D.  G.     The  Lenape  and  their  legends.  Philadelphia,  1885. 

BROWN,  (MRS.)  W.  \V.  "Chief- making"  among  the  Passamaquoddy  Indians.  (Journal  of  American 
folk-lore,  v.  v,  p.  57-59,  1892) 

BROWN,  (MRS.)  W.  \V.  Wa-ba-ba-nal,  or  northern  lights.  A  Wabanaki  legend.  (Journal  of  American 
folk-lore,  v.  HI,  p.  213-214,  1890) 

BUSHNELLD.  I.,  JR.     The  "Red-paint  People".    (American  anthropologist,  n.  s.,  v.  xv,  p.  707-710,  1913) 

BUSHNELL,  D.  I.,  JR.  The  "Red-paint  people" — n.  (American anthropologist,  n.  s.,  v.  xvn,  p.  207-209, 
1915) 

CHADBOURNE,  H.  P.  Oyster  shell  deposit  in  Damariscotta.  (Collections  of  the  Maine  historical  society, 
v.  vi,  p.  345-351,  1859) 

CHADWICK,  J.  An  account  of  a  journey  from  Fort  Pownal,  now  Fort  Point,  up  the  Penobscot  River  to 
Quebec,  in  1674.  (Bangor  historical  magazine,  v.  iv,  p.  141-148,  1888-89) 

GUSHING,  F.  H.     Exploration  of  ancient  Key  Dwellers'  remains  on  the  Gulf  Coast  of  Florida.    (American 
philosophical  society.    Proceedings,  v.  xxxv,  p.  329-432,  1896) 
(Mentions  studying  sea-land  remains  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  on  p.  411) 

DENYS,  N.     Description  geographique  et  historique  des  costes  de  1' Amerique  Septentrionale.   Paris,  1672. 

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INDEX 


Adze  blades,  26,  42,  55,  75,  81,  84,  93,  94,  97,  100, 
102,  107,  108,  110,  115,  121,  133,  149,  150,  159, 
181,  238. 

Agassiz  Museum,  9. 

Alamoosook  Unit,  103,  111,  112/ 

Alden,  Dr.  John,  87,  121. 

Algonkian  graves,  97,  101. 

Algonkian  forms,  210. 

Algonkin  village  sites,  108. 

Algonkins,  103,  143,  150,  186,  213. 

Allaben,  Marshall  C.,  10. 

Androscoggin  Region,  212. 

Allen,  Dr.  Glover  M.,  100,  139,  141,  162,  165,  166, 

189,  202. 

Antiquity  of  shell-heaps,  204. 

Antler  ends,  192. 

Archaeological  monuments,  12. 

Argillite,  21. 

Arrow  points,  136,  150,  156,  163,  164,  165,  183,  188, 

190,  193,  195,  196,  218,  222,  226,  228,  229,  231, 
243. 

Artifacts,  154,  156,  175,  177,  252. 

Ashes,  etc..  29,  86,  91,  139,  162;  164,  171,  202,  222, 

227,  234. 

Ash  pits,  82,  86,  214,  225,  227,  232,  245. 
Awls,  156.  163,  165.  175,  192,  193,  195,  197,  199. 
Axes,  21,  85,  159,  181,  213,  231,  260. 


Bangor  Historical  Society,  115. 

Bangor  Unit,  115,  121. 

Bates,  Prof.  Arlo,  13,  152. 

Baxter,  Hon.  James  P.,  11,  208. 

Baxter,  Percival,  11. 

Beads,  219. 

Beothuk  Theory,  150. 

Bibliography.  152,  265-268. 

Bicave,  247. 

Birch  bark,  46. 

Bird  stone,  247. 

Blanding,  E.  M.,  11. 

Blue  Hill,  67,  114,  120,  121,  130,  256. 

Bone  beads,  202. 

Bone  implements,  tools,  or  workeJ,  137,  139,  14!), 

150,  156,  158,  162,  164,  165,  167-169,  175,  176, 

180,  191,  192,  199,  203. 
Bones,  49,  97,  100,  135,  1"39,  156,  162,  165,  166,  168, 

177,  182,  189,  191,  192,  193,  195,  214,  225,  233, 

240. 

Boulders,  89,  90,  92,  94,  1  4,  216,  228. 
Boynton,  Nathan,  163. 


Boynton's  shell-heap,  153,  155,  157,  163,  164, 
165,  166,  171,  177,  179,  181,  182,  183,  184,  185. 
187,  192,  193,  199,  202,  256. 

Broken  objects,  156,  168,  226. 

Brough,  John  W.,  245,  248,  250. 

Buckskin,  43,  46,  49,  67. 

Bushnell,  D.  I.,  Jr.,  149,  150. 

Butler's  shell-heap,  157,  165,  177,  187,  199. 


('ache,  57,  84,  212,  227. 

Calf  Island  shell  heap,  153,  158,  162,  166,  187. 

Cannibalism,   168. 

Canoe  travel,  15. 

C'astine,  29,  158,  160,  166,  167,  168,  169,  174,  176, 

252,  254,  256. 
Celts,  20,  21,  26,  28,  29,  34,  38,  58,  67,  76,  85,  102, 

107,  121,  137,  156,  159,  165,  168,  171,  172,  173, 

181,  213,  224,  227,  229,  230,  236. 
Chemical  analysis,   133. 
Chert.  21,  36,  91,  193. 
Chipped  implements,  34.  43,  94,  97,  111,  112,  133, 

140,    150,    163,    168,    179,    183,    191.    223,    225, 

236. 

Chipped  stone,  182. 
Chips,  29,  34,  91,  156,  159,  168,  175,   177,  207,  214. 

215,  226  227,  228,  229.  230.  231,  233,  234. 
Circular  depression,  175. 
Circular  ridge,  91. 
Clams,  152,  156,  174,  177,  182. 
Clam  shells,  164,  165.  204. 
Classifications,  103,  133,  180. 
Claw-shaped  object,   132. 
Clay  objects,  165. 
Club,  67,  181,  192. 
Concluding  remarks.  252. 
Conclusions,  199. 
Concretionary  formation.   132. 
Connecticut  River  Archaeological  Survey,  95. 
Contact  of  Stone  Age  Indians  with  Europeans,  219. 
Copper,  67,  145,  147,  165,  250. 
Copper  beads,  46.  49,  145. 
Copper  cylinders,  145. 
Copper  implements,  247. 
Copper  plate,  145. 
Cremation  pits,  135,  136.  144. 
Crescent,  74,  85,  90.  97.  Ill,  114,  117.  123.  124.  149, 

150. 

Crockery,  91. 
Cushing,  F.  H.,  13. 
Cutting  tools,  262. 


270 


MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 


Cylinders,  64. 
Cylinders,  brass,  219. 

Dagger-like  objects,  131. 
Damariscotta  region,  238,  240. 
Discs,  175. 
Drills,  136,  183. 
Dunnack,  Hon.  H.  E.,  11. 


Earthworks,  12. 

Effigies,   29,  67,  74,  75,   77,   78,  97,  104,  111,  115, 

121,  124,  150,  162. 
Eldridge,  Donald  F.,  9. 
Ellsworth  Cemetery,  130. 
Ellsworth  Unit,  114,  115. 
Emerson  cemetery,  26,  28,  33,  34,  36,  41,  43,  44,  45, 

46,  47,  48,  54,  59,  61,  62,  81,  90,  97,  103,  104,  107, 

109,  110,  114,  130,  132,  133. 
Eskimo,  151. 
European  objects,  167,  176. 


Felsite,  Kineo..  15,  21,  24,  36,  145,  163,  182,  183,  193, 

217,  223,  224,  226,  229,  239. 
Fetishes,  218. 

Fire-making  outfits,  141,  146. 
Fire  pits,  16,  21,  28,  36,  86,  91,  92,  93,  134,  212,  222. 
Fire  stones,  28,  54,  97,  133,  163,  174,  175. 
Fish  hooks,  162,  163,  165,  175,  193,  196,  228. 
Flaking  tools,  194. 
Flint  implements,  162. 
Fort  Pentagoet,  166,  167,  168,  252. 
Frenchman's  Bay,  76,  125,  130,  152,  154,  158,  162, 

163,  229. 

Frequency  of  finished  specimens,  182. 
Fuess,  Dr.  C.  M.,  9. 


General  Account  of  Expeditions,  12. 

Georges  River,  86,  114,  121,  127,  238. 

Georges  River  Unit,  121. 

Godfrey's  Cemetery,  93,  114,  115.  120,  130. 

Godfrey,  Fred,  93,  120,  130,  133. 

Gouges,  20,  23,  24,  26,  28,  29,  38,  42,  51,  52, 
54,  55,  56,  58,  67,  75,  76,  80,  81,  84,  85,  92,  93,  94, 
97,  101,  102,  104,  120,  ,129,  133,  137,  156,  204, 
208,  209,  212,  213,  236,  238. 

Graham,  J.  C.,  133. 

Graves,  20,  21,  23,  24,  26,  28,  29,  31,  32,  36,  38, 
42,  43,  46,  4  ,  50,  53,  54,  67,  68,  69,  70,  71,  73, 
74,  75,  84,  85,  87,  89,  90,  92,  93,  94,  95,  97,  102, 
111,  112,  120,  121,  127,  130,  139,  141,  143,  147, 
150,  151,  208,  210,  225,  238,  245,  247,  248,  250, 
259. 

Great  Northern  Paper  Company,  227,  228. 

Greenleaf,  Moses,  220,  221 


Grinding  tools,  112,  174. 
Ground  stone,  181. 
Guernsey,  S.  J.,  223,  236. 


Hamlin,  Dr.  Augustus  C.,  34,  38,  74,  107,  125. 
Hammerstones,  34,  67,  85,  93,  97,  133,  149,  156,  162, 

177,  181,  182,  225,  227. 
Handles  to  tools,  38,  53,  114,  124,  162,  192,  193,  194, 

195,  205. 

Harpoons,  162,  165,  175,  195,  198,  199,  200,  201. 
Hartford  Cemetery,  23,  25,  27,  29,  30,  35,  36,  37,  38, 

39,  41,  43,  46,  51,  54,  75,  103,  104,  114,  130. 
Hartford,  Capt.  Seth  N.,  23. 
Harts'  Falls  Cemetery,  74,  75,  86,  121,  127. 
Haskell  Cemetery,  67,  74,  75,  81,  107,  108,  110,  114, 

115,  130,  256. 
Hatchets,  26,  84,  93,  97,  107,  108,  115,  124,  133,  149, 

165,  171,  181,  207,  212,  224,  231. 
Hathaway's  Cemetery,  31,  33,  50,  51,  54,  66,  67,  68, 

75,  87,  97,  111,  120,  130. 
Hematite,  65,  149,  165,  222,  245. 
Heye,  Geo.  G..  165. 
Hill,  Dr.  W.  S.,  11. 
Historic  burial,  43,  238. 
Hoes,  81,  107,  117. 
Hog  Island,   176.  240. 
Holway,  Fred  J  ,  21. 
Holway  site,  21,  131,  260. 
Hooton,  Dr.  E.  A.,  9,  139,  141. 
Hopewell  group,  250. 
Howley,  James  P.,  150. 
Human  bones,  46,  49,  64,  67,  100,  133,  137,  139,  141, 

145,  165,  168,  178,  202,  222,  226,  247. 
Hutchings,  Jr.,  William,  9. 
Hutchings,  Mr.,  74,  90,  91. 

Indian  burying  ground,  145,  231. 

Indian  burial  places,   13,  36,  46,  53,  54,  59,   145, 

213,  219,  227. 
Indian  camp  sites,  16,  20,  29,  36,  207,  214,  215,  224 

230,  238,  243,  245. 
Indian  cellar,  212. 
Indian  dance  ground,  91. 
Indian  dog,  202. 
Indian  Fort,  12. 
Indian  history,  12,  222. 
Indian  Island,  94,  220. 
Indian  Place  Names,  220,  221. 
Indian  times,  21,  34. 
Indians,  16,  20,  31,  34,  36,  46,  50,  53,  90,  92,  94,  97, 

143,  165,  166,  169,  174,  189,  193,  202,  204,  208, 

213,  218,  220-223,  233,  241,  250,  252,  254,  256. 
Indian  Village  sites,  12,  13,  15,  21,  33,  43,  101,  134, 

163,  208,  213,  214,  219,  222,  224,  226,  231,  240, 

243,  245. 
Indian  wars,  12. 


I  X  1)  E  X 


271 


Interior  Village  sites  and  other  remains,  207. 

Iron  axe,  219. 

Iron  kettles,  219. 

Iron  nodules,  65,  223,  247,  250. 

Iroquois,  189,  250. 

Iroquois  League,  250. 

Isle  la  Motte,  243.  250. 


Mortars,  29. 
Mounds,  26. 
Mount  Kineo,  15,  21,  125,  127,  215,  217,  223. 


Narragansett,  259. 
Needles,  193. 


Jasper,  226,  236. 

Jesuits,  214,  219,  225,  234,  243. 

Johnson,  George  F.,  42,  43,  49. 


Katahdin  Iron  Works,  65,  133,  143,  222,  223. 

Kennebec  I'nit,  124. 

Kennebec  Valley,  213. 

Kidder,  Dr.  A.  V,  9. 

Kineo  stone,  97,  112,  145,  215,  227,  228. 

Knives,  137,  145,  156,  165,  182,  183,  184,  185,  188, 

219,  226,  228,  229,  231,  233,  234. 
Knobbed  gouge,  109. 


Labrador,  97. 

Lake  Alamoosook,  33, 34,  40,  50,  90,  112,  114,  121, 

130,  207,  220,  256. 
Lake  Champlain  Survey  of  1917,  241,  243,  245.  247, 

248,  250,  253. 

Lake  Sebec  region,  223,  252. 
Lancaster  cemetery,  31,  95,  97,  98,  99,  101,  108,  112, 

124,  127,  133. 
Leach's  Narrows,  167. 
Leaf-shaped  implement,  237. 
Limonite,  141,  143. 
Lucky  stones.    See  pebbles. 
Ludlows'  Point  shell  heap,  168. 


Maguire,  J.  D.,  13,  207,  215,  218. 

Maine  Central  Railroad,  76. 

Malecite  Indians,  234,  236. 

Manning,  Francis  B.,  9,  46,  84,  147. 

Marks,  A.  E.,  9,  15,  21,  34,  120,  130,  193,  207,  210, 

227. 
Mason  cemetery,  26,  33,  38,  42,  46,  49,  64.  103,  104, 

114,  130,  132. 
Mason,  Dr.  William,  139. 
Materials  used,  28,  49. 
Mattawamkeag  river,  224,  226. 
Meductic,  234,  256. 
Merrimac    Valley,    12. 
Mills,  W.  ('.,  189,  250,  256. 
Mm >re.  Clarence  B.,  149. 
Moosehead  Uke,  13,  15,  33,  213,  215-219,  223.  252, 

254,  256. 
Morrell,  Col.,  158,  159. 


Objects  from  Swanton  graves,  247. 

Oakland,   101. 

Olamon  stream,  220,  221. 

Oldtown,  93. 

Orland,  29. 

Ornaments,  29,  46,  54,  94,  118,  120,  124,  133,  178, 

182,  204,  228,  231,  249. 
Orr,  Dr.  R.  B.,  149. 
Ox  team,  34. 


Paint,  29,  75. 

Paint  grinders,  26,  54,  133. 

Passadumkeag,  50,  75,  87,  97,  120,  130,  218,  221-2. 

Peabody,  Dr.  Charles,  9,  158. 

Peabody  Museum,  84,  102,  103,  124,  127,  130,  133, 

139,  181,  215,  223,  236,  240. 
Pebbles  or  "Lucky  Stones",  26,  28,  49,  54,  67,  85, 

92,  112:  114,  133,  181. 

Pendants,  54,  67,  111,  121,  127,  165,  213,  238. 
Penobscot  Indians,  94,  220. 
Penobscot  Waters,  219,  220,  228,  242,  251. 
Pequot,  259. 
Perforated  objects,  72. 
Perforators,  136,  159,  197,  228. 
Perkins,  Charles  A.,  9,  13. 
Perkins,  Prof.  George  H.,  9,  13,  241,  243,  245,  248. 

250. 

Pestles,  181. 
Pierce,  Frank,  34,  36. 
Pipe,  162,  165,  178,  180,  205. 
Piscataquis,  222,  223,  244. 
Pittston,  228,  235,  237,  239. 
Plummets,  20,  21,  23,  26,  28.  29.  34.  38,  42,  58,  67. 

75,  76,  84;  85,  92,  94,  97,  108,  111,  113,  115    116, 

117,  124,  126.  128,  133,  148,  149.  156,  181,  204. 

207,  243. 
Podunk,  259. 
Pottery  fragments,  36,  91,  135,  149,  156.  162,  165. 

168,'  170,  175,  180,  186,  189,  214,  220.  223.  227. 

2e8,  229,  236,  238,  240,  243. 
Problematical  forms,  38,  46,  54,  63,  67,  94.  111,1 17, 

120.  123,  133,  208,  209,  247.  249,  250,  257,  260. 
Projectile  points.  105,  106,  112,  159. 
Putnam,  F.  W.  Prof.,  13,  125,  186,  207,  240. 
Pyrites,  29,  67,  76,  84,  85,  133,  149,  225. 

Quartzite,  translucent,  97,  105,  112. 


272 


MAINE    ARCHAEOLOGY 


Rasles,  Father,  213,  252. 

Reasons  for  villages  along  coast,  254. 

Red  Ocher  or  paint,  20,  24,  26,  29,  31,  36,  38,  42,  46, 

53,  68,  70,  75,  84,  92,  94,  95,  101,  104,  125,  133, 

141,  149,  222,  223,  236,  238. 
Red  Paint  culture,  33,  103,  125,  134,  135,  149,  150, 

207,  208,  233,  241,  250,  256. 
Red  Paint  People,  13,  20,  21,  23,  24,  28,  50,  52,  75, 

87,  103,  108,  111,  125,  133,  134,  143,  145,  149,  150, 

151,  207,  212,  215,  226,  256,  259. 
Red  Paint  People  Cemeteries,  9,  20,  21,  23,  24,  50, 

53,  67,  74,  84,  86,  90,  94,  101,  102,  105,  106,  112, 

125,  127,  152,  154,  156,  213,  222,  223,  226,  240, 

256. 

Red  pigment,  49. 
Rejects,  34. 

Review  and  Conclusion,  125. 
Rhyolite,  216,  218. 
Ring-like  object,   132. 
Ripley,  Alfred  L.,  10. 
Rollins,  Montgomery,  208. 
Ropes,  Prof.  J.  H.,  10. 
Roster  of  men,  263,  264. 
Rubbing  stones,  28,  92,  93,  156,  181. 

Sand,  white,  74. 

Sands  one  cylinder,  46,  49. 

Sandstone  slabs,  29. 

Sargent  ville,   145. 

Sawyer,  J.  C.,  9,  208. 

Scraper,  94,  137,  139,  156,  U9,  183.  187,  223,  226, 

228,  229,  230,  240. 
Sebago  region,  210. 
Shell  beads,  145,  147,  202,  247. 
Shell-heaps,  12..  13,  84,  149,  150,  152-181,  202,  219, 

240,  241,  252,  256,  259. 
Shell  objects,  156,  162,  176. 
Shells,  159,  163,  164,  168,  176,  182. 
Skeletons,  28,  43,  49,  121,  145,  149,  214,  219,  226, 

236,  247. 
Slabs,  28,  93,  206. 
Slate,  21. 
Slate  daggers,  74. 
Slate  knife,  210,  211,  212. 
Slate  points,  34,  115,  122,  123,  124,  143,  225. 
Slate  spearheads,  24,  43,  60,  74,  75,  77,  79,  81,  99, 

107,  112,  119,  121,  124,  133,  149,  150,  238. 
Small  pox,  254. 
Smith,  Walter  B.,  9,  74,  97,  103,  112,  115,  130,  134- 

143,  222,  223,  256. 

Spalls,  34,  175,  177,  207,  215,  227,  231. 
Spears,  21,  28,  84,  92,  97,  136,  143,  156,  164,  165, 

183,  190,  215,  218,  226,  243. 
Squier  and  Davis,  250. 

State  University  Museum,  Columbus,  149. 
St.  Croix  waters,  236,  238. 
Stearns,  Dr.  A.  E.,  9. 


Stevens  Cemetery,  87,  88,  89,  90,  91,  107,  109,  121, 

124,  130,  132,  166,  179. 
Stevens,  George,  87. 

St.  John  Pond  or  waters,  230,  236,  246,  254, 
Stone  needle,  132. 

Stone  objects  or  tools,  165,  167,  180,  214,  220,  225, 
Stone  tubes,  247,  248,  250,  255,  259. 
Stover,  Mrs.  Louise,  162. 
Stover's  shell-heap,  157,  162,  163,  165,  177,  181,  182, 

183,  193,  199. 

Stratton,  Milton,  76,  84,  107. 
Sugden,  Ernest  O  ,  9,  23,  33,  74,  90,  97,  175,  210,  212, 

243,   260. 
Sullivan  Falls  Cemetery,  76,  82,  83,  84,  107,  114, 

115,  130,  154. 

Sullivan  Falls  shell-heap,  156,  157,  256. 
Surveys,  16,  18,  19,  21,  101,  152,  213,  215,  219,  224, 

233,  241,  248. 
Swanton  site,  241,  243,  245,  250,  255,  257,  259. 

Tarrs'  Cemetery,  87,  107,  114,  121,  127,  166. 

Taylor,  W.  W.,  90,  95. 

Teeth,  156,   157,   192. 

The  Weirs,  208,  210. 

Truax,  L.  B.,  243,  245,  248. 

Trustees  of  P.  A.,  9,  13. 

Turtlebacks,  159,  175,  215,  218,  228. 

Unfinished  implements  and  blanks,  156,  179,  228, 

239. 

Unknown  objects,  205. 
Unknown  substance,  46. 
Unworked  stones,  133. 

Von  Mach,  Professor,  166,  169. 
Von  Mach's  shell-heap,  166,  167,  169,  170,  175,  176, 
177,  183,  184,  185,  186,  192,  193,  200. 

Wampum,  202. 

Wardwell's  shell-heap,  157,  158,  179,  181,  183. 

Waterville,  95,  124,  127,  213,  214. 

WTentworth's  Cemet  ry,  101,  124,  127. 

Wentworth,  Charles,  101. 

Whale-like  specimen,    108. 

Wheeler,  Dr.  Geo.  A.,  11,  166,  168. 

Wheeler's  Cove  shell-heap,  160,  168,  176. 

White,  Prof.  C.  H.,  147. 

Wigwams,  163,  180,  214,  226,  231. 

Willoughby,  C.  C.,  9,  13,  26,  28,  34,  36,  90,  100,  102, 

103,  108,  112,  114,  115,  125    130,  145,  149,  150. 

186,  189,  191,  207,  215. 
Wilson,  Dr.  J.  Howard,  176. 
Wilson,  Dr.  Thomas,  12. 
Winslow,  95,   112. 
Wood,  49,  247. 

Young,  D.  B.,  13. 


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